Godfried W.N.M. van Moorsel

Coral diversity matches marine park zonation but not economic value of coral reef sites at St. Eustatius, eastern Caribbean

A B S T R A C T
Stony corals play a key role in the marine biodiversity of many tropical coastal areas as suppliers of substrate, food and shelter for other reef organisms. Therefore, it is remarkable that coral diversity usually does not play a role in the planning of protected areas in coral reef areas. In the present study we examine how stony coral diversity patterns relate to marine park zonation and the economic value of reefs around St. Eustatius, a small island in the eastern Caribbean, with fisheries and tourism as important sources of income. The marine park contains two no-take reserves. A biodiversity survey was performed at 39 sites, 24 inside the reserves and 15 outside; 22 had a maximum depth >18 m and 17 were shallower. Data on economic value per site were obtained from the literature. Corals were photographed for the verification of identifications made in the field. Coral species richness (n = 49) was highest in the no-take reserves and species composition was mainly affected by maximum depth. No distinct relation is observed between coral diversity and fishery value or total economic value. Based on the outcome of this study we suggest that in future designs of marine park zonation in reef areas, coral diversity should be taken into consideration. This is best served by including reef areas with a continuous depth gradient from shallow flats to deep slopes.

 

 

Supplementary material 

https://www.dcbd.nl/document/electronic-supplementary-material-1

Date
2022
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
St. Eustatius

Nocturnal Predation of Christmas Tree Worms by a Batwing Coral Crab at Bonaire (Southern Caribbean)

Christmas tree worms (Serpulidae: Spirobranchus) occur in shallow parts of coral reefs, where they

live as associates of a large number of stony coral species [1,2]. They dwell inside a calcareous tube,

which is usually overgrown by the host coral and partly embedded deep inside the coral skeleton,

except for the tube’s opening and the worm’s operculum [3]. Even if host corals and worm tubes

become overgrown by other invertebrates, the worms continue to grow and are able to keep their tube

openings free [4,5].

Despite their wide distribution, high densities, and the damage these tube-dwelling worms

may cause to corals [6,7], little is known about their natural enemies. They appear well protected

by the tube, which is armed by a long spine on the opening margin. Although they may live up

to 40 years [3], mortality of Spirobranchus worms in dense populations is not uncommon, and most

obvious when their vacated tubes are inhabited by small fish and crustaceans [6,8]. There are a few

reports on attempted feeding of Christmas tree worms by fish and on Spirobranchus remnants found in

fish stomachs ([9], references therein), but no information is available on other predators.

Therefore, it is surprising that a West Atlantic batwing coral crab, Carpilius corallinus Herbst, 1783,

was observed preying on two individuals of Spirobranchus giganteus (Pallas, 1766) during a night dive at

Playa Pabou (1209041.8” N, 06817001.0” W), Kralendijk, Bonaire on 18 October 2020; time 18:45–21:15

(Electronic Supplementary Material). The worms were living in a colony of the scleractinian coral

Porites astreoides Lamarck, 1801, at a depth of 7 m. The crab was using its slender left claw to break away

the thick calcareous tubes of the worms, which resulted in a deposit of limestone debris aside the coral

(Figure 1a). The crab seemed to extract soft parts of the worm from the tube and manipulate them by

using its second pair of pereiopods, which are the first pair of walking legs (Electronic Supplementary

Material). The use of walking legs during feeding is not uncommon in other brachyuran lineages.

Some spider crabs (Majidae) use walking legs to pry and wedge open gastropod and bivalve shells [10]

and box crabs (Calappidae) can be seen to use the first two pairs of walking legs to rotate prey shells 

to find an opening for easier access and grip for their specialized right claw (W.d.G. pers. obs.).

During another night dive, two days later, the crab was no longer present but the extent of damage

to the worm tubes and the coral was evident (Figure 1b). The worm in the longest of the two tubes

was gone, while the other worm had survived in a part of the tube that was inside the host coral.

Its operculum appeared lost (Figure 1b).

This observation is interesting because little is known about species predating on Christmas tree

worms (see above), while also hardly anything has been published on the diet of the Batwing coral

crab. Carpilius corallinus is well known for its nocturnal activities [11] and it is the onlyWest Atlantic

member of Carpiliidae, a family of three congeneric species [12]. All three species possess an enlarged

right cheliped (claw-bearing leg), with a blunt molariform tooth found proximally on the cutting edge

of the pollex, which is the fixed ‘finger’ of the claw.

In laboratory conditions in Guam, the Indo-West Pacific species C. convexus (Forskål, 1775) and

C. maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) have been observed to use their major claw to crush shells of various

species of gastropods [13]. The latter crab species has also been reported as predator of a commercially

important abalone, Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758, in the Philippines [14], and was found in the field

between the remains of freshly-killed gastropods on two separate occasions in Guam [15].

Individuals of the West Atlantic C. corallinus were also found to be feeding on gastropods in

captivity, while they were also fed with sardines [16]. In another case, a female individual in an

aquarium was observed to break apart shells inhabited by hermit crabs in an attempt to remove

them from their homes [11]. Only one published record was found on the diet of C. corallinus in its

natural environment, consisting of Diadema sea urchins [11]. There is also unpublished data concerning

C. corallinus feeding on sea urchins, as well as on a topshell, Calliostoma javanicum (Lamarck, 1822),

all from Bonaire (E.M., pers. obs.).

It seems that information on the diet of Carpilius species is rare, but considering the armor of

previously reported prey species, the crushing of serpulid worm tubes seems to be within their capacity

when they use their right claw. The crab at Bonaire was, however, using its slender left claw to feed

from the worm tube. We do not know if the crab had initially crushed the tube using its specialized

right claw and continued feeding using its left claw, or if the crab initially used its left claw to break

the tube.

The extent of damage on worm tubes is striking (Figure 1). In spite of many dives on Bonaire,

this kind of harm was not reported before. Because Spirobranchus tubes may easily become covered

by coral tissue and algae [3,6,7], it is possible that damaged worm tubes may get unnoticed due

to similar overgrowth. All in all, we do not expect Spirobranchus to be a regular part of the diet

of Carpilius corallinus. The present observation and previously published information suggest that

Carpilius species are not prey specific. More research on the diet and foraging behavior of these

commercially important crab species will teach us more about their role in the food chains of coral reefs.

Date
2020
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Journal
Geographic location
Bonaire

Extension of the Recorded Host Range of Caribbean Christmas Tree Worms (Spirobranchus spp.) with Two Scleractinians, a Zoantharian, and an Ascidian

Caribbean Christmas tree worms (Annelida: Polychaeta: Serpulidae: Spirobranchus) are considered host generalists in their associations with anthozoan (Scleractinia) and hydrozoan (Millepora) stony corals. As planktonic larvae, they settle on coral surfaces and start secreting a calcareous tube to be used as a dwelling. This tube usually becomes overgrown by the host coral (except for its opening) and may get encapsulated deep inside the coral skeleton. In this manner, the well-protected worms grow and survive predation and other hazards, allowing them to live for over four decades. When the host corals are overgrown by other organisms, such as octocorals and sponges, these may act as secondary hosts.

 

The long lists of Caribbean host species suggest that the recorded number has reached a maximum. However, recent surveys (2015–2019) in the southern and eastern Caribbean, as well as in the Greater Antilles, enabled us to establish new records of two primary hosts (scleractinians) and two secondary hosts (a zoantharian and an ascidian).

 

 

 

Article referenced in BioNews 34 article "New discoveries on relationships between host corals, crabs and christmas tree worms"

 

Date
2020
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Journal