Yellow-Shouldered Amazon

The First Yellow-Shouldered Amazon Take Free Flight Into Aruba’s Nature

Dutch below

 

ORANJESTAD, ARUBA – 3 January 2024 – Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba (FPNA) today announced the reintroduction of the locally extinct yellow-shouldered amazon, also known locally as ‘Lora’, back into Aruba’s nature. Out of the 25 surviving Lora that were illegally smuggled by sea into Aruba among other poached wildlife in 2022, the first 9 Lora were successfully released this morning into Aruba’s nature in Parke Nacional Arikok, as part of FPNA’s reintroduction plan. FPNA is expected to release the remaining Lora during two other ‘release events’ over the course of the coming 2 weeks. The reintroduction of the Lora is part of FPNA’s Species Conservation & Reintroduction Program, which aims at establishing a self-sustaining wild population in Aruba over the next decades.

(Lora. Photo credit: FPNA)

Why did the Lora go extinct in Aruba?

The Lora (Amazona barbadensis) has been a locally extirpated species in Aruba for over half a century yet continues to hold a significant place in the island’s heritage and in the hearts of the community. A parrot species that is known for being highly social and intelligent and that once graced many locals with its magnificent presence roaming freely in Aruba’s nature, until they went extinct in 1947. Populations of this species continue to exist in isolated places on Bonaire and Curaçao, in addition to northern parts of Venezuela and the Venezuelan islands of Margarita and La Blanquilla. The Lora has been assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2021 but current estimates the total wild population to be less than 10.000 individuals. For Aruba specifically, the Lora is protected by law under the Nature Ordinance (AB 1995 no. 2, Art. 4 /AB 2017 no. 48).

To date, there are many threats to the Lora populations, of which most are of human origin (Birdlife International 2017, Silvius 1991). For Aruba in particularly, the Lora was extirpated because of poaching for pet trade or killed for being considered an agricultural pest (Voous 1983). In addition to human incurred threats, predators such as domestic cats and rats also pose a big threat to the survival of the Loras. Contrary to popular belief, the Boa Constrictor is not the cause of the disappearance of the Lora in Aruba given the Boa was only ‘introduced’ to the island in the early 1990s. The boa is not considered among the main threats to the survival of the Lora today as they have limited food intake in comparison to ‘warm blooded’ predators but also increasingly occur in urbanized areas. Another significant threat that caused the extinction of the Lora is the disappearance of their habitat due to deforestation for development.

Why is the reintroduction of the Lora important?

(Lora. Photo credit: FPNA)

The Lora played a distinctive ecological function for the island, particularly in seed dispersal which contributed to the proliferation of specific native plants and trees, that in turn, supported a broader range of wildlife. Therefore, the reintroduction of the Lora is not only important, but it is necessary as it benefits local habitats, enhances biodiversity, and contributes to the overall health of the different ecosystems of Aruba. FPNA’s goal is to a self-sustaining Lora population in Aruba, by reintroducing and restoring the Lora’s wild population for future generations.

It is important to keep in mind that the release of the 25 surviving Lora this year is only the beginning and will require annual supplementation to the wild population before it becomes large enough to be self-sustaining. Currently the Lora are 1 and a half years old and will only start reproducing at approximately 7 years of age. As such, it will take decades before a self-sustaining population can be seen in Aruba.

How to mitigate threats to the newly introduced Lora population

To achieve the goal of a self-sustaining population in Aruba, FPNA will be taking necessary conservation actions – including scientific research and monitoring, raising awareness, driving education and community engagement – while continuing to push for policy development and enforcement to protect the Lora alongside other native bird species.

(Lora. Photo credit: FPNA)

To mitigate the threats caused by humans, FPNA will embark on a national awareness campaign to educate the community of Aruba on importance of protecting the Lora. FPNA is also developing education materials to be shared with the community of Aruba and specifically with schools across the island. As part of the reintroduction, FPNA will continue its efforts to provide the Lora with suitable habitats and protection, and with that FPNA is working on parallel conservation efforts such as its Flora Biodiversity Enhancement Program where native and threatened species of shrubs and trees will be used for habitat restoration, including those that are food sources for the Lora. In addition, FPNA is doubling down on its efforts to commence promoting nature friendly gardens and gardening among the local garden owners.

The Boa Constictor, a non-native species in Aruba remains a potential predator that is impossible to eradicate given their large population on the island, their elusive habits and successful reproduction. However, research has shown that the Boa is no longer reproducing in protected nature areas but rather in urban areas, its preferred environment due to higher food availability. FPNA will continue with its invasive species management program and the removal of Boas encountered in protected nature areas and future Lora roosting and breeding sites so as to reduce their impact on the Lora.

(Lora. Photo credit: FPNA)

How can you help?

It takes a village to do nature conservation, and doing it right takes time and requires collaboration with the entire community of Aruba.

FPNA would like to ask residents and visitors to Aruba to help us with monitoring the tagged Lora and keep their eyes and ears open and report any sightings via WhatsApp to FPNA’s Wildlife Hotline at +297 592 4476 or email us at info@arubanationalpark.org. If a Lora is sighted, please provide the information about the location – including a GPS location of where the Lora was seen – and how many were observed. Do not interfere with the Lora. Be respectful, keep your distance and keep cats and dogs at bay, do not feed or try to capture them – that would violate the law protecting this species.

FPNA, its valued partners and volunteers will actively be monitoring the tagged Lora for the coming period and values the support of the community in reporting any sightings.

A heartfelt thank you goes out to every single associate of Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba who contributed to the reintroduction of the Lora to Aruba today, and to all local partners and international partners World Parrot Trustand Stichting Vogelpark AviFauna for coming to Aruba for this most important and emotional day.

 

 

 

 

ORANJESTAD, ARUBA – 3 januari 2024 – Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba (FPNA) heeft vandaag de herintroductie aangekondigd van de lokaal uitgestorven geelvleugelamazone, lokaal ook wel bekend als ‘Lora’. Van de 25 overlevende Lora’s die in 2022 illegaal over zee naar Aruba werden gesmokkeld, naast andere gestroopte dieren, werden de eerste 9 Lora’s vanmorgen met succes vrijgelaten in de natuur van Aruba in Parke Nacional Arikok. Dit is onderdeel van het herintroductieplan van FPNA. FPNA zal naar verwachting de resterende Lora’s vrijlaten tijdens twee andere ‘release-evenementen’ in de loop van de komende 2 weken. De herintroductie van de Lora maakt deel uit van het Species Conservation & Reintroduction Program van FPNA, dat tot doel heeft de komende decennia een zelfvoorzienende wilde populatie op Aruba te vestigen.

Waarom is de Lora uitgestorven op Aruba?

De Lora (Amazona barbadensis) is al meer dan een halve eeuw een lokaal uitgestorven soort op Aruba, maar neemt nog steeds een belangrijke plaats in in het erfgoed van het eiland en in de harten van de gemeenschap. Een papegaaiensoort die bekend staat als zeer sociaal en intelligent en die ooit veel lokale bewoners sierde met zijn prachtige aanwezigheid in de natuur van Aruba, totdat ze in 1947 uitstierven. Populaties van deze soort blijven bestaan op geïsoleerde plaatsen op Bonaire en Curaçao, en ook in noordelijke delen van Venezuela en de Venezolaanse eilanden Margarita en La Blanquilla. De Lora is in 2021 op de Rode Lijst van bedreigde soorten van de IUCN gezet, maar momenteel wordt de totale wilde populatie op minder dan 10.000 individuen geschat. Specifiek voor Aruba geldt dat de Lora wettelijk beschermd is op grond van de Natuurverordening (AB 1995 nr. 2, art. 4 /AB 2017 nr. 48).

Tot op heden zijn er veel bedreigingen voor de Lora-populaties, waarvan de meeste van menselijke oorsprong zijn (Birdlife International 2017, Silvius 1991). Met name op Aruba werd de Lora uitgeroeid vanwege stroperij voor de handel in huisdieren of gedood omdat hij als een landbouwplaag werd beschouwd (Voous 1983). Naast menselijke bedreigingen vormen ook roofdieren zoals huiskatten en ratten een grote bedreiging voor het voortbestaan van de Lora. In tegenstelling tot wat vaak wordt gedacht, is de Boa Constrictor niet de oorzaak van het verdwijnen van de Lora op Aruba, aangezien de Boa pas begin jaren negentig op het eiland werd ‘geïntroduceerd’. De boa wordt tegenwoordig niet beschouwd als een van de belangrijkste bedreigingen voor het voortbestaan van de Lora, omdat ze een beperkte voedselinname hebben in vergelijking met ‘warmbloedige’ roofdieren, maar ook steeds vaker voorkomen in verstedelijkte gebieden. Een andere belangrijke bedreiging die het uitsterven van de Lora veroorzaakte, is het verdwijnen van hun leefgebied als gevolg van ontbossing voor ontwikkeling.

(Loras. Foto: FPNA)

Waarom is de herintroductie van de Lora belangrijk?

De Lora speelde een onderscheidende ecologische functie voor het eiland, met name bij de verspreiding van zaden, wat bijdroeg aan de verspreiding van specifieke inheemse planten en bomen, die op hun beurt een breder scala aan dieren in het wild ondersteunden. Daarom is de herintroductie van de Lora niet alleen belangrijk, maar ook noodzakelijk omdat het de lokale habitatten ten goede komt, de biodiversiteit verbetert en bijdraagt aan de algehele gezondheid van de verschillende ecosystemen van Aruba. Het doel van FPNA is om een zelfvoorzienende Lora-populatie op Aruba te creëren, door de wilde populatie van de Lora te herintroduceren en te herstellen voor toekomstige generaties.

Het is belangrijk om in gedachten te houden dat de vrijlating van de 25 overlevende Lora’s dit jaar nog maar het begin is en dat de wilde populatie jaarlijks moet worden aangevuld voordat deze groot genoeg wordt om zelfvoorzienend te zijn. Momenteel zijn de Lora’s anderhalf jaar oud en zullen ze zich pas voortplanten als ze ongeveer 7 jaar oud zijn. Het zal dan ook nog tientallen jaren duren voordat er op Aruba sprake is van een zelfvoorzienende populatie.

Bedreigingen voor de nieuw geïntroduceerde Lora-populatie te verminderen

Om het doel van een zelfvoorzienende populatie op Aruba te bereiken, zal FPNA de nodige instandhoudingsmaatregelen nemen – waaronder wetenschappelijk onderzoek en monitoring, bewustmaking, het stimuleren van educatie en betrokkenheid van de gemeenschap – terwijl het blijft aandringen op beleidsontwikkeling en handhaving om de Lora samen met andere inheemse vogelsoorten te beschermen.

(Lora. Foto: FPNA)

Om de bedreigingen van de mens te verminderen, zal FPNA een nationale bewustmakingscampagne starten om de gemeenschap van Aruba voor te lichten over het belang van de bescherming van de Lora. FPNA ontwikkelt ook educatief materiaal om te delen met de gemeenschap van Aruba en specifiek met scholen over het hele eiland. Als onderdeel van de herintroductie zal FPNA haar inspanningen voortzetten om de Lora geschikte habitatten en bescherming te bieden, en daarmee werkt FPNA aan parallelle instandhoudingsinspanningen, zoals het Flora Biodiversity Enhancement Program, waarbij inheemse en bedreigde struik en boom soorten, inclusief die welke voedselbronnen zijn voor de Lora, zullen worden gebruikt voor het herstel van habitatten. Daarnaast verdubbelt FPNA haar inspanningen om te beginnen met het promoten van natuurvriendelijke tuinen en tuinieren bij lokale tuineigenaren.

De Boa Constictor, een niet-inheemse soort op Aruba, blijft een potentieel roofdier dat onmogelijk uit te roeien is gezien hun grote populatie op het eiland, hun ongrijpbare gewoonten en succesvolle voortplanting. Uit onderzoek is echter gebleken dat de Boa zich niet meer voortplant in beschermde natuurgebieden, maar in stedelijke gebieden, zijn favoriete omgeving vanwege de hogere beschikbaarheid van voedsel. FPNA zal doorgaan met haar programma voor het beheer van invasieve soorten en het verwijderen van Boa’s die worden aangetroffen in beschermde natuurgebieden en toekomstige Lora-rust- en broedplaatsen om hun impact op de Lora’s te verminderen.

(Lora. Foto: FPNA)

 

Hoe kunt u helpen?

Er is een dorp nodig om aan natuurbehoud te doen, en om het goed te doen kost het tijd en vereist samenwerking met de hele gemeenschap van Aruba.

FPNA wil inwoners en bezoekers van Aruba vragen om ons te helpen met het monitoren van de geringde Lora’s en hun ogen en oren open te houden en eventuele waarnemingen via WhatsApp te melden aan FPNA’s Wildlife Hotline op +297 592 4476 of een e-mail te sturen naar info@arubanationalpark.org. Als een Lora wordt waargenomen, geef dan informatie over de locatie – inclusief een GPS-locatie van waar de Lora is gezien – en hoeveel er zijn waargenomen. Laat de Lora’s met rust, wees respectvol, houd afstand en houd ook katten en honden op afstand, voer ze niet en probeer ze niet te vangen – dat zou in strijd zijn met de wet die deze soort beschermt.

FPNA, haar gewaardeerde partners en vrijwilligers zullen de geringde Lora’s de komende periode actief in de gaten houden en waarderen de steun van de gemeenschap bij het melden van eventuele waarnemingen.

Een welgemeende dank gaat uit naar alle medewerkers van Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba die hebben bijgedragen aan de herintroductie van de Lora op Aruba, en naar alle lokale partners en internationale partners World Parrot Trust en Stichting Vogelpark AviFauna voor hun komst naar Aruba voor deze zeer belangrijke en emotionele dag.

 

 

 

 

Published in BioNews 71

Date
2024
Data type
Media
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Author

Species Management Plan: Yellow-shouldered Amazon Parrot, Amazona barbadensis, Dutch Caribbean

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Threat mitigation

  • Boost population growth rate and address nest site limitation
  • Reduce poaching

Habitat protection

  • Grow plants for rural and urban restoration projects
  • Secure strategic locations for restoration
  • Control herbivores

Legislation

  • Encourage increased implementation of legislation
  • Develop additional protected areas

Surveillance and enforcement

  • Reduce poaching

Outreach and education

  • Increase awareness of habitat degradation
  • Change community attitudes towards parrots

Research and monitoring

  • Improve understanding of population dynamics
  • Maximize out-breeding
  • Identify key locations for habitat restoration
  • Investigate the distribution of parrots and their food

Other recommendations

  • Reintroduce YSAP to Aruba
  • Increase National Park management organization capacity
  • Maintain the YSAP management plan process 
Date
2012
Data type
Research report
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire

BioNews 7 - August 2013

This month’s issue focuses attention on three successful conservation efforts of local NGOs, which are using monitoring to guide their field-based conservation efforts, safeguarding nature in the Dutch Caribbean.

The three profiled success stories are:

As always, you will also find in this seventh issue:

Date
2013
Data type
Media
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Saba
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten
Author

Distance Sampling Surveys of Yellow-shouldered Parrots (Amazona barbadensis rothschildi) on Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean

Date
2012
Data type
Research report
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire

Density and Population Size of Yellow-shouldered Parrots (Amazona barbadensis rothschildi) and Brown-throated Parakeets (Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius) on Bonaire, Netherland Antilles

In December 2009, we sampled 62 6-minute random-systematic counting points (k) to estimate the density and population size of yellow-shouldered parrots and brown-throated parakeets in a survey region (A) of 7,873 hectares, which covered the WashingtonSlaagbai National Park and forest, suburban, and agricultural areas between Brasil, Karpata, Dos Pos, Rincón, and Fontein. In March 2010, we sampled 104 points, covering a survey region of 17,000 hectares that included forest, urban, suburban, and agricultural areas in northern, central, and southern Bonaire....

Date
2010
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire

The Yellow-Shouldered Amazon - Perspectives

There are 330 parrot species worldwide, of which a third is threatened with extinction. The Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona Barbadensis) is a parrot species found in northern Venezuela and on the Caribbean islands Margarita, La Blanquilla and Bonaire. The total population size is estimated at 3.000-10.000 parrots, which has led the IUCN to classify its global condition as vulnerable. The population size on Bonaire is estimated at 800 parrots.
The goal of this study was to examine both the threats A. Barbadensis is facing on Bonaire and the opportunities to resolve them. Three methods were used during this process. First a literature study was conducted regarding the population dynamics of A. Barbadensis on Bonaire, resulting in a quantification of the different population parameters and environmental factors, affecting the parrot population. Secondly, a population dynamics simulation model was used to determine the sensitivity to changes in these environmental factors and population parameters. The model was finally used to analyze the impact of several scenarios on the population size over a period of 200 years.
The most important factor constraining the growth of the parrot population on Bonaire, is the limited number of nest sites in both trees and cliffs. Nest site limitation is inferred from the fact that only 21.5% of the population breeds annually. The low supply of tree cavities is caused by the exotic and invasive goats and donkeys who are responsible for the degraded state of the vegetation since their introduction in the 16th century. An eradication program would allow the ecosystem to restore to its natural balance. A. Barbadensis would benefit by increased survival in all life stages due to a substantial increase in food resources, which will prevent the parrots from having to visit the hazardous urban areas, and by an increase in the number of nest sites. The scenario exploring the effects of this drastic measure reveals a population growth to several thousands of parrots.
It must be noted however that this scenario does not include any density dependant factors that would eventually limit the growth rate.
The population is most sensitive to changes in juvenile and adult survival, which corresponds with the r/K selection theory and another theoretical viability study regarding A. Barbadensis. Conservation initiatives should therefore focus on increasing their survival as it will be more beneficial to the persistence of the species than improving upon chick survival and female reproductivity.
The exact effects of climatic stochasticity on parrots are not well known. This study assumed the climate affected both survival in all life stages as well as reproduction. Changes in the impact of the climatic stochasticity showed a high sensitivity, which emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the impact the climate has on the survival and reproductive parameters of A. Barbadensis. The parrot population on Bonaire can be considered as viable as the current conditions will not lead to extinction, nor will any of the other scenarios examined in this study. However, the reality might consist of a combination of these scenarios, affecting the parrot population more severely. It is therefore recommended, as a bare minimum conservational approach, to maintain the annual count of the population size in order to readily notice a decline in population size, enabling counter measures to be taken accordingly.

Date
2012
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Parrots, goats and sun: population dynamics of the yellow-shouldered amazon parrot (Amazona barbadensis) in Bonaire island, Dutch Antilles.

Abstract:

With the new status of special municipality Bonaire’s development aims have focused toward more efficient  sustainable policies. With centuries of human intervention, ecosystem degradation, pressure of invasive species and tourism industry, services associated with biodiversity are threatened by developmental needs. The Amazona barbadensis parrot is of special conservation concern due to the vulnerability to habitat degradation and poaching and its small range restricted to Bonaire and Northern Venezuela. We ask whether the spatial development plan of Bonaire (ROB) for the coming years has an either positive or negative effect on the parrot population in the island. We used METAPHOR, an individual-based stochastic population model in order to estimate the population trend for the next 200 years. We use two cases, poaching and no poaching, and four scenarios, Current, two scenarios contemplated in the ROB and one scenario of goat control and vegetation recovery that changes nest availability.For all the scenarios the model showed great stability around the year 100.Reducing poaching and controlling goats increased the population in each scenario with c. 50%. The ROB scenarios did not increase the population size or made it significantly lower, as only the (minor) impact on carrying capacity was taken into account. The estimated population size under current conditions was ~1800. Increasing poaching to 50% diminished this valued until 1000 while the poaching didn’t affect the age structure. Increasing availability of nests to 130 raised the population to 3000. The used survival of 87% for fledges and adults showed to be the most optimistic case in the sensitivity analysis warning about the real status of the population and the high uncertainty of the model. The control of the invasive goats has been a conservation success in other islands and showed to have the best outcome for the modelled population. Whether it is control of goats or vegetation restoration, increasing vegetation cover would favour conservationist and economic aims providing habitat for plant and animal communities and  providing more valuable services for terrestrial ecotourism.

Date
2011
Data type
Research report
Theme
Governance
Geographic location
Bonaire

Population Surveys of the Yellow-shouldered Parrot (Amazona barbadensis rothschildi) on Bonaire in March and October 2010−2012.

Date
2012
Data type
Research report
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire