non-native

Getting to the Root of the Neem Problem

Dutch below

The neem tree is an invasive species that was introduced to the Caribbean in the early 1900s. Originally from India, this tree was brought over for its medicinal, pesticidal and ornamental properties. Locals soon realized this once popular tree was racking up a long list of ecological and economic consequences.   

Neem tree. Photo credit: Madhav Malleda

The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is part of the mahogany family and often popular in gardens as it is easy to grow and quickly provides a nice, shaded canopy.  This evergreen tree can reach heights of 20 meters, and has a beautiful, fragrant white flower, which along with its fruits, are collected to make neem oil. In India, its common to collect and dry the leaves to be used as a natural insect repellent. The neem tree was introduced to Curacao between 20-30 years ago, and to Aruba and Bonaire after that. So it is easy to see how quickly this tree can become an issue, as it has become widespread on all three islands within this relatively short time frame. 

Impacts 

One of the primary impacts of the invasive neem tree in the Caribbean is its ability to outcompete native species. The tree grows rapidly, and its roots secrete chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants in the vicinity. Neem trees also create dense, shaded canopies that prevent other plants from receiving the sunlight they need to thrive.  Furthermore, the tree’s deep roots alter soil composition by pulling nutrients and water from the soil, leaving less available for other plants. This can lead to soil erosion and other environmental issues, especially in areas where the soil is already nutrient-poor.  

Another impact of invasive neem trees is their effect on local wildlife. The dense canopies created by neem trees can serve as habitats for some species, but they can also make it difficult for animals to move freely through their native territories. For example, birds that rely on open spaces for hunting or nesting may struggle to find suitable areas when neem trees are present. 

Finally, invasive neem trees can also have economic impacts for the Dutch Caribbean islands. The trees can make it difficult for farmers, as they can outcompete or shade out food crops. In addition, the water seeking roots of the neem tree can quickly damage roads, sidewalks and building foundations, generating significant economic consequences for the islands. 

Implications 

Neem branch. Photo credit: Mohammad Ibrahim

Overall, the impact of invasive neem trees on the Dutch Caribbean islands is significant and multifaceted. While neem trees have many beneficial qualities, their invasive nature means that they can have negative effects on local ecosystems and economies. As a result, projects to manage and control invasive neem trees are becoming increasingly important in the region. Efforts are currently underway to control the spread of the tree and restore affected ecosystems. However, addressing the issue will require a collaborative effort between policymakers, scientists, and local communities to find sustainable solutions that balance economic, social, and environmental concerns. 

DCNA    

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) supports science communication and outreach in the Dutch Caribbean region by making nature-related scientific information more widely available through amongst others the Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s news platform BioNews and the press. This article contains the results from several scientific studies but the studies themselves are not DCNA studies. No rights can be derived from the content. DCNA is not liable for the content and the in(direct) impacts resulting from publishing this article.   


 

 

De neemboom is een invasieve soort die begin 1900 in het Caribisch gebied werd geïntroduceerd. Oorspronkelijk werd deze boom uit India overgebracht vanwege zijn geneeskrachtige, pesticide- en siereigenschappen. De lokale bevolking realiseerde zich al snel dat deze eens zo populaire boom een lange lijst van ecologische en economische gevolgen had.

Neemboom. Foto: Madhav Malleda

De neemboom (Azadirachta indica) maakt deel uit van de mahoniefamilie en is vaak populair in tuinen omdat hij gemakkelijk te kweken is en snel een mooi, schaduwrijk bladerdak geeft. Deze groenblijvende boom kan 20 meter hoog worden en heeft een prachtige, geurige witte bloem, die samen met de vruchten wordt verzameld om neemolie te maken. In India is het gebruikelijk om de bladeren te verzamelen en te drogen voor gebruik als natuurlijk insectenwerend middel. De neemboom is 20-30 jaar geleden op Curaçao geïntroduceerd en daarna op Aruba en Bonaire. Het is dus gemakkelijk te zien hoe snel deze boom een probleem kan worden, aangezien hij in dit relatief korte tijdsbestek wijdverspreid is geworden op alle drie de eilanden.

effecten

Een van de belangrijkste effecten van de invasieve neemboom in het Caribisch gebied is het vermogen om inheemse soorten te verdringen. De boom groeit snel en zijn wortels scheiden chemicaliën af die de groei van andere planten in de buurt remmen. Neembomen creëren ook dichte, schaduwrijke bladerdaken die voorkomen dat andere planten het zonlicht ontvangen dat ze nodig hebben om te gedijen. Bovendien veranderen de diepe wortels van de boom de bodemsamenstelling door voedingsstoffen en water uit de grond te halen, waardoor er minder beschikbaar is voor andere planten. Dit kan leiden tot bodemerosie en andere milieuproblemen, vooral in gebieden waar de bodem al voedselarm is.

Een ander effect van invasieve neembomen is hun effect op de lokale fauna. Het dichte bladerdak gecreëerd door neembomen kan dienen als leefgebied voor sommige soorten, maar ze kunnen het ook moeilijk maken voor dieren om vrij door hun oorspronkelijke leefgebied te bewegen. Vogels die afhankelijk zijn van open ruimtes om te jagen of te nestelen, kunnen bijvoorbeeld moeite hebben om geschikte gebieden te vinden als er neembomen aanwezig zijn.

Ten slotte kunnen invasieve neembomen ook economische gevolgen hebben voor de Nederlands Caribische eilanden. De bomen kunnen het boeren moeilijk maken, omdat ze voedselgewassen kunnen overtreffen of verduisteren. Bovendien kunnen de waterzoekende wortels van de neemboom snel wegen, trottoirs en funderingen van gebouwen beschadigen, met aanzienlijke economische gevolgen voor de eilanden.

Implicaties

Neem . Foto: Mohammad Ibrahim

Over het algemeen is de impact van invasieve neembomen op de Nederlandse Caribische eilanden aanzienlijk en veelzijdig. Hoewel neembomen veel gunstige eigenschappen hebben, betekent hun invasieve karakter dat ze negatieve effecten kunnen hebben op lokale ecosystemen en economieën. Als gevolg hiervan worden projecten voor het beheer en de controle van invasieve neembomen steeds belangrijker in de regio. Er worden momenteel inspanningen geleverd om de verspreiding van de boom onder controle te houden en de aangetaste ecosystemen te herstellen. Om het probleem aan te pakken, is echter een gezamenlijke inspanning van beleidsmakers, wetenschappers en lokale gemeenschappen nodig om duurzame oplossingen te vinden die economische, sociale en ecologische problemen met elkaar in evenwicht brengen.

DCNA

De Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ondersteunt wetenschapscommunicatie en outreach in de Nederlandse Caribische regio door natuurgerelateerde wetenschappelijke informatie breder beschikbaar te maken via onder meer de Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s nieuwsplatform BioNews en de pers. Dit artikel bevat de resultaten van verschillende wetenschappelijke onderzoeken, maar de onderzoeken zelf zijn geen DCNA-onderzoeken. Aan de inhoud kunnen geen rechten worden ontleend. DCNA is niet aansprakelijk voor de inhoud en de indirecte gevolgen die voortvloeien uit het publiceren van dit artikel.

 

Published in BioNews 65

Date
2023
Data type
Media
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Author

Two new nonnative reptiles identified on Saba

Wageningen University and Research and the University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein researchers have recently identified two new nonnative reptiles on Saba. The smooth-scaled tegulet and Brahminy blindsnake are both able to reproduce asexually, so their populations could expand quickly. Understanding the impact of their introduction will be key in protecting the biodiversity of Saba.

The island of Saba is home to five native species of reptiles, one snake (red-bellied racer) and four lizards (Saban anole, Saban black iguana, Saban least gecko, and the turnip-tailed gecko). Recently, two additional non-native species were identified, the smooth-scaled tegulet (Gymnophthalmus underwoodi) and Brahminy blindsnake (Indotyphlops braminus).  Exactly how these two species arrived on Saba is still unknown, however its likely they hitched a ride over from St. Maarten, since almost everything that arrives on Saba must go through St. Maarten first.

Smooth-Scaled Tegulet 

Photo credit: Thijs van den Burg

The smooth-scaled tegulet (Gymnophthalmus underwoodi) has been identified across the island and was first spotted in May 2020. Researchers from Wageningen University and Research and the University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein were able to capture five individuals from a variety of different life stages. These lizards have been observed on over 50% of the island, in habits which vary between gardens, dry forest and rocky slopes.  The wide spread dispersal of this species suggests it’s been on the island for a while.  These populations are expected to continue to increase as these lizards are very quick to reproduce.

Brahminy Blindsnake

More recently, a local resident has encountered at least two different Brahminy blindsnakes (Indotyphlops braminus) in her garden along the Windward side between May and July of 2021. Although no other observations have been made, this species is widely introduced on neighboring islands, so it’s presence on Saba is not surprising. Although there are currently no known documented native blindsnakes on Saba, it is possible for these species to go undetected, as was recently noticed on St. Eustatius with the discovery of the native blindsnake (geomotus) in 2020.

Island Impact

There had previously been two known nonnative amphibians and reptiles on Saba, so the addition of these two now doubles that list. Furthermore, currently 40% of all terrestrial reptiles and amphibians on Saba are nonnative species. Although direct competition between these two new species and native species is not expected, invasive species are considered among the top drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem change around the world. Understanding and addressing this issue will be key in preserving the unique biodiversity on Saba.

Report your sightings

If you happen to spot either one of these new reptiles while on Saba, you can report it on https://dutchcaribbean.observation.org. This is a free website and app which allows local citizens to report sightings of important plants and animals. These tools are available in over 40 languages and can be used by biologists and citizens and tourists alike. Species reports by local communities are invaluable for nature conservation efforts to help increase public awareness and overall species protection.

Read the full report entitled “Establishment of two nonnative parthenogenetic reptiles on Saba, Dutch  Caribbean: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi and Indotyphlops braminus” using the link below

 

https://www.dcbd.nl/document/establishment-two-nonnative-parthenogenetic...

 

Article published in BioNews 48

 

Date
2021
Data type
Media
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Saba
Author