energy transition

Introduction

Worldwide, global warming has become a major issue for humanity. The increased use of fossil fuel linked to human activities contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many governments have decided to turn to cleaner energy sources, commonly known as renewable energy. These energies come from natural sources, which are available, sustainable and great alternatives to fossil energy. As a result, different types of renewable energy have been aggressively developed and used. Despite this keen interest in renewable energy, only a small percentage of the world’s total energy production is generated from renewable sources compared to fossil fuels. By opting for renewable energy, government leaders have embarked on the path of energy transition, with the prospect of integrating the goal of sustainable development for environmental protection. While some countries have a head start regarding energy transition, others, such as the Caribbean region, are struggling to replace diesel or fuel oil with renewable energy, which include geothermal power. Many years ago, the volcanic islands were the subject of numerous geological studies to assess their geothermal potential. Although the results obtained showed great potential, the development of geothermal energy has been a slow process, prolonging the continued use of imported fossil fuel. Firstly, we will analyze hindrances to this transition. Secondly, we will draw attention to different geothermal projects in the region.

Abstract

This research identifies opportunities to accelerate the SET towards a 100% RE based on Aruba. This thesis is structured in three parts: 1) a literature review to assess the main relevant theories. 2) A conceptual framework combining the Strategic Niche Management and the Multi-level Perspective is developed to analyse and compare case studies of RE technologies (Solar PV Rooftops, Electric Vehicle and Wind Turbines), including the external factors enabling or constraining this SET. 3) Finally, a roadmap is provided to accelerate the SET on the island of Aruba. Data collection is through literature review, desk research and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the actors’ group (government, market and society).

The main research question: What is constraining the SET on the island of Aruba, and how can this be accelerated?
To accelerate the SET: at the regime level, the government should introduce an independent entity and an energy policy where the network-related is aligned to support the targets and expectations. At the niche level, utility managers should implement energy storage and intelligent infrastructure to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and enable demand-side management to create more room for RE penetration. At the landscape level, raising awareness, organise town hall meetings with pilot projects and demonstrations is necessary for society. Due to the limited space and land on the island, environmental impact assessments are required to mitigate the impact during the development process and avoid social resistance.
The education system should be upgraded to create new experiences, knowledge and information for local society. Hence, introducing a technical university is required but generally to change the teaching practice locally. The government’s responsibility is to stimulate more research, create more RE demonstrations, and create funds.
The research conducted by the universities, local and international, could ultimately improve regulatory measures. Utility and RE companies’ managers should consider that new business models will be necessary to survive in the new RE business environment. Other RET should also be explored, primarily because the current RET outcomes are unknown. The SET can be accelerated towards a 100% RE-based island by adopting these measures.