Disease

Preventing the next Aedes-borne arboviral disease epidemic

Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) are transmitted via blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, flies, and ticks (1). Aedes mosquitoes are the most important arboviral vectors. The two main species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, allow the transmission of viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) (2, 3). The DENV and ZIKV belong to the family Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus), and the CHIKV is a member of the family Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus) (4, 5). These arboviruses caused outbreaks in several countries belonging to Africa, America, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (6). More recently, DENV and CHIKV have been reported in Europe, revealing the expansion of these viruses to new and unexpected geographical areas (7, 8). Globalisation, unplanned urbanisation, unreliable public services, climate change, and the deterioration of institutions (e.g., health systems) responsible for mosquito control cause the further expansion of arbovirus.

The global incidence of DENV infection has grown, with about half of the world's population now at risk (9). According to the World  Health Organization (WHO), dengue is the most prevalent, dangerous and rapidly spreading arbovirus worldwide (10). Still, dengue is classified as a neglected tropical disease. WHO classifies dengue into two categories: DENV infection with or without warning signs and severe dengue (10). Severe dengue is defined by plasma leakage and/or fluid accumulation leading to shock or respiratory distress, and/or severe bleeding, and/or severe organ impairment (10, 11). Severe DENV infection is a leading cause of serious illness and death in some countries located in Asia and Latin America (10). There are four genetically distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4) and multiple lineages of each serotype, which are often geographically based (12). Recovery from infection of one serotype provides long-term immunity; however, cross-immunity to another serotype after recovery is only partial and temporary. Secondary infection by other serotypes even increases the risk of severe dengue, the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon (9, 13). In Curaçao, all four dengue serotypes (DENV 1–4) have circulated during the past two decades. According to local health authorities, dengue epidemics occur cyclically, and no severe dengue cases have been reported yet in Curaçao. 

Date
2023
Data type
Research report
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Report number
University of Groningen Thesis
Geographic location
Curacao

Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease in the Dutch Caribbean

Papiamentu, Papiamento and Dutch below

Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is a highly infectious coral disease that has spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean region in recent years. First reported in Florida in 2014, this disease affects more than 20 species of stony corals, including important reef builders like pillar coral, brain coral, and star coral. Within the Dutch Caribbean, Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease has been confirmed now on five of the six islands, starting on St. Maarten in 2018, St. Eustatius in 2019, Saba in 2021 and most recently in Bonaire and Curaçao (March/April 2023). The outbreak of this coral disease may have significant ecological, economic, and social impacts within the Dutch Caribbean. The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) urges people to follow the recommendations of the local protected areas management organizations (parks) by adhering to the rules, regulations, guidelines for water(sport) users and report sightings to the parks or the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA). 

Impacts 

Coral reefs are home to many marine life including sponges, crabs, sea turtles, and many species of fish. Coral reefs are also important to people for shoreline protection, tourism, and fisheries. The loss of corals due to this coral disease has significant ecological impacts on the region’s marine ecosystem. The disease can cause extensive damage to corals with a negative impact to the entire reef ecosystems. The mortality of corals can lead amongst others to the decline of important fish populations and impact the attraction for recreational tourism. The disease spreads rapidly amongst hard corals but does not affect human health directly. 

Response Options 

Various organizations are working to combat this coral disease by identifying causes and developing management strategies. The disease spreads quickly via the water or direct contact with infected corals.  Time is pressing and targeted management actions to try to limit the spread of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease include closing sites, decontaminating dive gear, authorities can treat corals in the water according to best practice methods, and corals can be stored in tanks for future restoration efforts. Existing management strategies that seek to build the resilience of coral reefs to threats such as diseases are now especially important – like not touching corals, improving water quality, reducing fishing pressure and adhering to ballast water management protocols. In the meanwhile, research will continue. 

A brain coral with Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease.Photo Credit: STINAPA Bonaire

How to help 

Residents and tourists can also help. It is important to always follow the local rules, regulations and guidelines. Make sure to follow along with the local protected areas management organizations (parks)- Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba , STINAPA BonaireCARMABI Curaçao Saba Conservation Foundation (SCF)St. Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA)Nature Foundation St. Maarten (NFSXM)- to stay up to date on each individual island’s change in conditions, rules, regulations and recommendations for water(sport) users.  

Divers are asked to avoid infected dive sites and properly disinfect gear between dives. Please note that for different dive gear there are different recommendations on how to decontaminate. If possible, it is best to limit dives to one site per day and fully dry equipment before re-entering the water.  Sightings (photo, location, date) can be reported to the protected areas management organizations or the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA). 

More information 

https://www.agrra.org/coral-disease-outbreak/ 

SCTLD map Bonaire: https://arcg.is/1eCTD80

DCNA   

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) supports science communication and outreach in the Dutch Caribbean region by making nature-related scientific information more widely available through amongst others the Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s news platform BioNews and the press. This article contains the results from several scientific studies but the studies themselves are not DCNA studies. No rights can be derived from the content. DCNA is not liable for the content and the in(direct) impacts resulting from publishing this article.  

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Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease ta un malesa di koral sumamente kontagioso ku durante e último añanan a plama rápidamente den área karibense. Na aña 2014 a mèldu e malesa akí pa promé biaha na Florida i e ta afektá mas ku 20 tipo di koral di piedra, entre otro konstruktornan importante di ref manera koral pilá, koral sesu i koral strea. Dentro di Karibe Hulandes aktualmente a konfirmá pérdida di tehido di koral di piedra na sinku di e seis islanan, kuminsando na St Maarten na aña 2018, St Eustatius na aña 2019, Saba na aña 2021 i mas resien na Boneiru i Kòrsou na luna di mart i aprel 2023. E brote di malesa di koral akí por tin konsekuensia ekonómiko i sosial konsiderabel dentro di Karibe Hulandes. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ta insistí serka hendenan pa kumpli ku e rekomendashonnan di e organisashonnan lokal di maneho di áreanan protehá (parkenan), pa medio di tene nan mes na e reglanan, preskripshonnan i instrukshonnan pa usuarionan di laman i deportenan akuátiko pa mèldu nan opservashonnan na e parkenan òf na Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Impakto

Ref di koral ta kas di hopi bida bou di laman, entre otro spòns, kangreu, turtuga i hopi tipo di piská. Ref di koral ta importante tambe pa hende pa protekshon di kosta, turismo i peska. Pèrdida di koral komo konsekuensia di e malesa di koral akí tin konsekuensianan ekológiko konsiderabel pa e ekosistema marino den nos region. E malesa por kousa daño ekstenso na koral ku un impakto negativo riba henter e ekosistema di ref. Mortalidat di koral por kondusí entre otro na deterioro di populashonnan importante di piská i influensiá e forsa di atrakshon di turismo rekreativo. E malesa ta plama rápidamente entre koral duru, pero no tin un influensia direkto riba salú di hende.

Opshonnan pa reakshon

Diferente organisashon ta traha riba kombatimentu di e malesa di koral akí, pa medio di identifiká e kousanan i desaroyá strategianan di maneho. E malesa ta plama rápidamente via awa di laman òf via kontakto direkto ku koral infektá. Tempu ta kabando i akshonnan dirigí di maneho pa limitá plamamentu di Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease ta enserá seramentu di e sitionan, desinfekshon di ekipo di buseo, outoridatnan por trata koral den laman segun métodonan di ‘best practice’ i por almasená koral den tanki di awa pa intento di rekuperashon den futuro. Strategianan di maneho eksistente ku ta purba edifiká resiliensia di e refnan di koral kontra menasa manera malesa, awor akí ta demasiado importante – manera no mishi ku e koralnan, mehorá kalidat di e awa, redusí preshon di peska i kumpli ku e protokòlnan pa maneho di awa di balaster. Entretantu e investigashon ta sigui.

Potrèt: Un koral sesu ku Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease. Krédito: STINAPA Bonaire

Kon pa yuda

Habitante i turista tambe por yuda. Ta importante pa semper kumpli ku regla, preskripshon i instrukshon. Sòru pa bo sigui e organisashonnan di maneho di áreanan protehá (parkenan): Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba , STINAPA BonaireCARMABI Curaçao Saba Conservation Foundation (SCF)St. Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA)Nature Foundation St. Maarten(NFSXM) – pa keda na altura di e kambionan di kada isla separadamente pa loke ta trata sirkunstansianan, reglanan, preskripshonnan i rekomendashonnan pa usuarionan di laman i di deporte akúatiko.

Ta pidi sambuyadónan pa keda leu for di sitionan di buseo kontagiá i pa desinfektá nan ekipo bon entre dos buseo. Tene kuenta ku pa diferente ekipo di buseo tin diferente rekomendashon pa desinfekshon. Si ta posibel ta mas mihó pa limitá sambuyamentu te na un solo sitio pa dia i seka e ekipo kompletamente promé ku bo drenta laman atrobe. Por mèldu opservashon na e organisashonnan di maneho di e área protehá òf na Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Pa mas informashon

https://www.agrra.org/coral-disease-outbreak/

SCTLD map Bonaire: https://arcg.is/1eCTD80

DCNA

Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ta sostené komunikashon sientífiko i ‘outreach’ den region Hulandes Karibense pa medio di hasi informashon sientífiko relashoná ku naturalesa mas ampliamente disponibel via entre otro Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA su plataforma di notisia BioNews i prensa. E artíkulo akí ta kontené resultado di diferente investigashon sientífiko, pero e investigashonnan mes no ta investigashon di DCNA. No por derivá ningun derecho for di e kontenido. DCNA no ta responsabel pa e kontenido i e konsekuensianan (in)direkto ku ta surgi for di publikashon di e artíkulo akí.

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Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (malesa di perdida di tehido di coral di piedra) ta un malesa di coral altamente infeccioso cu a plama masha lihe den henter e region di Caribe durante e ultimo añanan. E malesa aki raporta pa prome biaha na Florida na aña 2014 a afecta mas di 20 especie di coral di piedra, incluyendo importante constructor di rif manera e coral pilar, e coral cerebro y e coral di strea. Awor a keda confirma dentro di Caribe Hulandes e malesa di perdida di tehido di coral di piedra na cinco di e seis islanan, cuminsando na St. Maarten na aña 2018, St. Eustatius na aña 2019, Saba na aña 2021 y mas recientemente na Bonairo y Corsou (maart/april di 2023). E brote di e malesa di e coralnan aki por tin impacto ecologico, economico y social importante den Caribe Hulandes. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ta urgi e hendenan pa mantene nan mes na e recomendacionnan di e organisacionnan di maneho di e areanan local proteha (parkenan) door di tene nan mes na e normanan, reglamento, guia pa e usuarionan di (deporte di) awa y pa reporta nan observacionnan na e parkenan di Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Impactonan

Rif di coral ta cas di hopi bida marino, incluyendo spons, cangreu, turtuga di lama y hopi mas sorto di pisca. Rif di coral tambe ta importante pa proteccion di costa, turismo y pesca. E perdida di coral debi na e malesa di coral aki tin impacto ecologico significativo den e ecosistema marino di e region. E malesa por causa daño grandi na e coralnan cu un impacto negativo den henter e ecosistema di e rifnan. E mortalidad di e coralnan por conduci, entre otro, na disminucion di e poblacionnan importante di pisca y tambe por afecta e atraccion di turismo recreativo. E malesa ta plama hopi lihe entre e coralnan duro, pero no ta afecta directamente salud humano.

Opcion di contesta

Varios organisacion ta trahando pa combati e malesa aki di e coralnan identificando e causanan y desaroyando strategia di maneho. E malesa ta plama masha lihe door di awa of di contacto directo cu coral infecta. E tempo ta primi y e accionnan di maneho dirigi pa trata di limita cu e malesa di perdida di tehido di coral di piedra ta plama ta inclui ceramento di site di sambuya, descontaminacion di ekipo di buceo, autoridad pa trata e coralnan den e awa di acuerdo cu e metodonan di e miho practicanan y pa pone e coralnan den tanki pa esfuerso di restauracion den futuro. E strategianan di maneho existente cu ta trata na aumenta e resiliencia di e rifnan di coral cpntra menasa manera e enfermedadnan awor ta specialmente importante- manera no mishi cu e coralnan, mehora e calidad di awa, reduci presion di pesca y tene bo mes na e protocolnan di maneho di awa di balaster. Mientrastanto,  investigacion lo sigui.

Potret: Un coral cerebro cu e malesa di perdida di tehido di coral duro. Credito: STINAPA Bonaire

Con pa yuda

E residentenan y e turistanan tambe por yuda. Ta importante pa semper sigui e reglanan local, e regulacionnan y guia local. Percura pa sigui e organisacionnan local di maneho di area proteha (parkenan): Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba , STINAPA BonaireCARMABI Curaçao Saba Conservation Foundation (SCF)St. Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA)Nature Foundation St. Maarten (NFSXM) – pa keda na altura di e cambionan den e condicionnan, normanan, reglamentonan y recomendacionnan di cada isla individual pa e usuarionan di (deporte) di awa

Ta pidi e buceadonan pa evita e sitionan di buceo infecta y pa nan desinfecta adecuadamente e ekipo entre e buceonan. Tene na cuenta cu pa diferente ekipo di buceo ta existi diferente recomendacion tocante con pa descontamina. Si ta posibel, ta miho pa limita e buceonan na un sitio pa dia y seca e ekipo completamente prome cu bolbe drenta awa. Por raporta e observacionnan (potret, ubicacion, fecha) na e organisacionnan di maneho di area proteha of na Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Mas informacion

SCTLD map Bonaire: https://arcg.is/1eCTD80

DCNA

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA)pa Naturalesa ta sostene comunicacion cientifico y  divulgacion den region di Caribe Hulandes door di haci cu e informacion cientifico relaciona cu naturalesa ta mas disponibel a traves di entre otro, Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, e plataforma di noticia BioNews di DCNA y prensa. E articulo aki ta contene e resultadonan di varios estudio cientifico, pero e estudionan riba nan mes no ta estudio di DCNA. No tin derecho pa saca nada di e contenido. DCNA no ta responsabel pa e contenido y e impactonan indirecto cu resulta di e publicacion di e articulo aki.

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Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is een zeer besmettelijke koraalziekte die zich de afgelopen jaren snel heeft verspreid over het Caribisch gebied. Deze ziekte, voor het eerst gemeld in Florida in 2014, treft meer dan 20 soorten steenkoralen. Binnen het Nederlands Caribisch gebied is Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease nu bevestigd op vijf van de zes eilanden, beginnend op St. Maarten in 2018, St. Eustatius in 2019, Saba in 2021 en meest recentelijk op Bonaire en Curaçao (maart/april 2023). Het uitbreken van deze koraalziekte kan aanzienlijke ecologische, economische en sociale gevolgen hebben binnen het Nederlands Caribisch gebied. De Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA)roept mensen op om de aanbevelingen van de lokale beheerorganisaties van beschermde gebieden (parken) op te volgen door zich te houden aan de regels, voorschriften, richtlijnen voor water(sport)gebruikers en waarnemingen te melden aan de parken of de Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Effecten

Koraalriffen zijn de thuisbasis van veel zeeleven, waaronder sponzen, krabben, zeeschildpadden en vele vissoorten. Koraalriffen zijn ook belangrijk voor mensen voor kustbescherming, toerisme en visserij. Het verlies van koralen als gevolg van deze koraalziekte heeft aanzienlijke ecologische gevolgen voor het mariene ecosysteem. De ziekte kan grote schade toebrengen aan koralen met negatieve effecten op het gehele rifecosysteem. De sterfte van koralen kan onder andere leiden tot de achteruitgang van belangrijke vispopulaties en de aantrekkingskracht voor recreatief toerisme beïnvloeden. De ziekte verspreidt zich snel onder steenkoralen, maar heeft geen directe invloed op de menselijke gezondheid.

Opties

Verschillende organisaties werken aan de bestrijding van deze koraalziekte door oorzaken te identificeren en beheerstrategieën te ontwikkelen. De ziekte verspreidt zich snel via het water of direct contact met geïnfecteerde koralen. De tijd dringt en gerichte managementacties om de verspreiding van Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease te proberen te beperken, omvatten het sluiten van (duik)plekken, het ontsmetten van duikuitrusting, het behandelen van zieke koralen door de autoriteiten volgens “best practice”-methoden en het opslaan van koralen in tanks voor toekomstige herstel pogingen. Bestaande beheerstrategieën die de veerkracht van koraalriffen tegen bedreigingen zoals ziekten vergroten, zijn nu extra belangrijk – zoals het niet aanraken van koralen, het verbeteren van de waterkwaliteit, het verminderen van de visserijdruk en het naleven van protocollen voor ballastwater. Ondertussen loopt het onderzoek door.

Een hersenkoraal met Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease. Fotocredit: STINAPA Bonaire

Hoe te helpen

Ook inwoners en toeristen kunnen helpen. Het is belangrijk om altijd de lokale regels, voorschriften en richtlijnen te volgen. Volg de lokale beheersorganisaties van beschermde gebieden (parken) – Fundacion Parke Nacional Aruba , STINAPA BonaireCARMABI Curaçao Saba Conservation Foundation (SCF)St. Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA)Nature Foundation St. Maarten (NFSXM) – om op de hoogte te blijven van de veranderingen van elk afzonderlijk eiland in omstandigheden, regels, voorschriften en aanbevelingen voor water(sport)gebruikers.

Duikers wordt gevraagd besmette duikplekken te vermijden en hun uitrusting tussen de duiken goed te desinfecteren. Houd er rekening mee dat er voor verschillende duikuitrustingen verschillende aanbevelingen zijn voor het ontsmetten. Indien mogelijk is het het beste om duiken te beperken tot één locatie per dag en de uitrusting volledig te laten drogen voordat u weer het water in gaat. Waarnemingen van Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (foto, locatie, datum) kunnen worden gemeld aan de beheersorganisaties van de beschermde gebieden (parken) of het Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program (AGRRA).

Meer informatie

SCTLD-kaart Bonaire: https://arcg.is/1eCTD80

DCNA

De  Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA)ondersteunt wetenschapscommunicatie en outreach in de Nederlandse Caribische regio door natuurgerelateerde wetenschappelijke informatie breder beschikbaar te maken via onder andere de Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s nieuwsplatform  BioNews en de pers. Dit artikel bevat de resultaten van verschillende wetenschappelijke onderzoeken, maar de onderzoeken zelf zijn geen DCNA-onderzoeken. Aan de inhoud kunnen geen rechten worden ontleend. DCNA is niet aansprakelijk voor de inhoud en de indirecte gevolgen die voortvloeien uit het publiceren van dit artikel.

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Published in BioNews 64

Date
2023
Data type
Media
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Saba
Saba bank
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten
Author

The 2022 Diadema antillarum die-off event: Comparisons with the 1983-1984 mass mortality

The 1983-1984 die-off of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum stands out as a catastrophic marine event because of its detrimental effectson Caribbean coral reefs. Without the grazing activities of this key herbivore, turf and macroalgae became the dominant benthic group, inhibiting coral recruitment and compromising coral reef recovery from other disturbances. In the decades that followed, recovery of D. antillarum populations was slow to non-existent. In late January 2022, a new mass mortality of D. antillarum was first observed in the U.S. Virgin Islands. We documented the spread and extent of this new die-off using an online survey. Infected individuals were closely monitored in the lab to record signs of illness, while a large population on Saba, Dutch Caribbean, was surveyed weekly before and during mortality to determine the lethality of this event. Within four months the die-off was distributed over 1,300 km from north to south and 2,500 km east to west. Whereas the 1983-1984 die-off advanced mostly with the currents, the 2022 event has appeared far more quickly in geographically distant areas. First die-off observations in each jurisdiction were often close to harbor areas, which, together with their rapid appearance, suggests that anthropogenic factors may have contributed to the spread of the causative agent. The signs of illness in sick D. antillarum were very similar to those recorded during the 1983-1984 die-off: lack of tube feet control, slow spine reaction followed by their loss, and necrosis of the epidermis were observed in both lab and wild urchins. Affected populations succumbed fast; within a month of the first signs of illness, a closely monitored population at Saba, Dutch Caribbean, had decreased from 4.05 individuals per m2 to 0.05 individuals per m2. Lethality can therefore be as high as 99%. The full extent of the 2022 D. antillarum die-off event is not currently known. The slower spread in the summer of 2022 might indicate that the die-off is coming to a (temporary) standstill. If this is the case, some populations will remain unaffected and potentially supply larvae to downstream areas and augment natural recovery processes. In addition, several D. antillarum rehabilitation approaches have been developed in the past decade and some are ready for large scale implementation. However, active conservation and restoration should not distract from the primary goal of identifying a cause and, if possible, implementing actions to decrease the likelihood of future D. antillarum die-off events.

Date
2023
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Journal
Geographic location
Saba
Saba bank
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten

A Caribbean wide disease affecting ocean surgeon fish (Acanthurus bahianus),

Results presented at association of Marine Laboratories Scientific Meeting, Merida Mexico, May 2017. 

Date
2017
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring

Sponge abundance and the prevalence of disease on scleractinian coral in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean

Sponges are important to reef health, fulfilling a number of structural and functional roles. Despite the wide range of functions they provide, limited research on sponges has been conducted. Their ability to filter the water column of nutrients is essential to keeping the water around reefs clean. Coral reef diseases are becoming more widespread due to multiple factors such as pollution and eutrophication. This study assessed the possible relationship between sponge abundance and disease prevalence in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean, by using 10 m x 2 m belt transects photographed into 1 m x 1 m quadrats. Per transect, 10 randomly selected photographs were analyzed using Image J to find the total area of sponges and live and diseased coral. Less than 1% disease was found at the study sites because the majority of the coral in the quadrats was partially or completely dead. No correlation was found between disease and sponge coverage. However, a significant correlation was found between percent sponges and live coral coverage. Although there was no correlation found between sponge cover and disease prevalence, the relationship between live coral and sponge is of particular importance for reef health monitoring across the Caribbean.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science X (Fall 2011)19: 35-39 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2016
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Incidence of disease in Acanthurus bahianus population, Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean

Disease in the ocean is difficult to study because of the logistics involved in conducting marine research. This in turn has resulted in a lack of recognition when outbreaks do occur. Most diseases do not manifest themselves in an organism unless the individual is subject to stress that weakens its ability to fight disease. In recent years, anthropogenic stressors have increased in the world’s oceans; something thought to be increasing the incidence of disease. Recently, ocean surgeonfish, Acanthurus bahianus, in Bonaire, Curacao, and Turks and Caicos, have been observed with black spots on their bodies. There has not been any research on the subject and the causative agent has not been identified. The purpose of this study was to develop a basic understanding of the ocean surgeonfish with black spots. Using timed swims and observations, data on frequency of disease at depths, flash rate, bite rate, and percentage of time spent feeding were collected. There was a significant difference in the frequency of individuals across depth. In addition, there was a positive correlation between number of spots and percent of time spent feeding. However, there was no relationship found between number of spots and feeding rate and flash rate. This disease is affecting 89% of ocean surgeonfish. The implications of this disease are important to understand because ocean surgeonfish play a strong ecological role as herbivores in coral reef ecosystem.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XI (Fall 2012)19: 64-69 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2012
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Tags
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Black spot disease of Ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus bahianus) population in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean

Diseases of oceanic species are difficult to research due to the ocean‟s vast size and the overall logistics involved in studying disease in organisms that live in aquatic environments. Disease in marine organisms may go undetected even when an outbreak occurs. A healthy organism‟s immune system can fight an infection, but if it is weakened due to stress the ability of the immune system diminishes. Increasing human impacts in the world‟s oceans stress organisms through exposure to pollution and global climate change, which can increase the number of diseases in marine organisms. In the last year an unidentified disease has been reported on the Ocean surgeonfish, Acanthurus bahianus. The disease causes black spots on the epidermis of the fish and the deterioration of the fins. This disease has only been observed in Bonaire, Curacao, and the Turks and Caicos, all in the Caribbean. The purpose of this study was to generate a disease scale to facilitate the quantification of the progression of the disease and to compare the results conducted during the warmer months to those of the cooler months. Additionally, timed swims were used to determine the frequency of disease at various depths on the reef. Ocean surgeonfish play an essential role as herbivores in the coral reef ecosystems and since this disease is affecting 82% of ocean surgeonfish in Bonaire; it is crucial to study the distribution of

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XII (Fall 2012)19: 52-58 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2012
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Tags
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Causative agent for dark spots in ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus tractus)

Coral reef ecosystems provide a number of important ecological services, such as nurseries and protection from storms. This makes their health of vital importance for human populations. Past epidemics in the Caribbean involving high mortality of predominant species, such as long-spined sea urchins (Diadema antillarum) and elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) have shown the potential of disease to fatally disrupt coral reef ecosystems already under stress. The high prevalence of an unknown disease in ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus tractus) in the Caribbean, and its apparent ability to infect other fish, including parrotfish and other predominant grazers, is a source of concern since it affects a number of herbivorous fish that are integral to the health of the reefs. This disease is identified by the presence of black spots over the body and fins of infected fish. The number of spots can vary widely. Fin rot and lethargic behavior have been noted in fish with large numbers of spots. Bacterial cultures of swabs from healthy and dark spot epidermis, and necropsy of eight A. tractus specimens were used to attempt to identify the causative agent. This study found smaller bacterial numbers in the dark spot epidermis compared to healthy epidermis cultures, and the presence of encysting organisms embedded in the epidermis directly below black spots in body and fins of A. tractus. Additional encysting organisms were found deeper in the muscle tissue and did not produce a black spot. These encysting organisms are proposed to be digenean trematodes in the metacercariae life stage.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XIV (Fall 2013)19: 103-109 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2013
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Infection frequency and species identification of the black spot causing parasite found commonly on ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus tractus) in Bonaire

Diseases, pathogens, and parasites in marine ecosystems are difficult to research and understand. Tracking the health of ecosystems, such as tropical coral reefs, is important for protecting these sensitive ecological areas. On the coral reefs surrounding Bonaire and other Caribbean islands, a dark spot ailment has been observed on ocean surgeonfish, Acanthurus tractus. This condition has been found to be a parasite, although its exact taxonomic identity is still unknown. The study of this parasite has become the point of interest for many researchers because dark spots have now been observed on other herbivorous fish in this region. The current frequency of the parasite on ocean surgeonfish and other species of surgeonfish is not known. These herbivorous fish are crucial to a healthy and sustainable coral reef ecosystem; a large change to the health of the population of these fishes could potentially affect the entire system. The purpose of this research was to find the prevalence of this parasite in species of surgeonfish through repetitive transects of counting infected individuals on the reefs of Bonaire. Additionally, collection and excision of parasites from their hosts allowed for a hypothesized genus of the infecting organism. The proportion of the density of ocean surgeonfish infected with this black spot causing parasite was 63% and it was found that the proportion of density for the degree of infection for ocean surgeonfish differed significantly among the population. Furthermore, through individual samplings of ocean surgeonfish, the lowest possible taxonomic description of this parasite was found to be the genus Paravortex.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XVII (Spring 2015)19: 1-9 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2015
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

The impact of competition, predation and disease on fluorescence patterns of RFP and GFP across the surface of scleractinian corals

Globally, scleractinian coral populations are declining, and to fully understand this decline it is important to study potential coral stressors in-situ. One particularly interesting means of studying stressor effects is fluorescence in corals. Till now fluorescence research has focused primarily on laboratory studies. These experiments cannot fully account for real world effects of stressors such as disease, predation or competition on corals fluorescent patterns in nature. The purpose of this study was to develop a means of in-situ observation to study how coral are using fluorescent proteins in nature. Five sample organisms were used for each of the three categories of stress, and one group of healthy corals were used as control, UV photographs of each were then taken on a weekly basis. Visual trends across the photographs were analyzed for gradients in both red and green fluorescence using Photoshop. From this we detected patterns on predated and competing corals as well as significant gradients in both diseased and healthy corals. Healthy coral results indicated issues in light dispersal across coral colonies necessitating a reworking of the methodology for clearer results. However the presence of discernable trend lines across all other categories supports that this methodology could still be effective for future monitoring efforts. RFP and GFP associated proteins are good candidates for indicating the health of threatened coral reefs due to their ease of use and associations with important coral functions making the methodology discussed here significant in allowing their use.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XIX (Spring 2016)19: 64-73 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2016
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author