coral reef

Evaluating coral ecosystem health in Aruba – the development and future of Aruba’s coral reefs

Abstract

Hard coral cover throughout the Caribbean has been in decline for at least fifty years due to large-scale disturbances such as White-Band-Disease, die-off of sea urchin populations, and coral bleaching. Local stressors, like coastal water pollution and eutrophication, have amplified this decline. The ecosystem services of coral reefs offer opportunities for tourism, recreation, employment and biodiversity. In Aruba, coral cover is naturally low due to a high abundance of sand, leaving less benthic area available for coral growth. The outbreak of stony coral tissue loss disease in Aruba in December 2022 presented a new threat for local coral reef communities. Assessment of coral cover is necessary to devise methods to mitigate the stressors that corals in Aruba face. In this study, 12 sites were identified that reflect the heterogeneous status of Aruba’s coral reefs for investigation to examine coral health and the development of the ecosystem since 2019. While on average, coral cover remained constant, almost half of the surveyed sites showed an increase in (macro)algae cover coupled with a decrease in coral cover, indicating stress on coral reefs. Five out of 12 sites showed a degrading ecosystem trend within the last four years. By assessing the spread of stony coral tissue loss from the surveyed data, a metric for the development of Aruba’s coral reefs was determined. We found that nine coral species, including important reef-building coral species such as Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella annularis and Orbicella faveolata have been infected by the disease. About six months after the outbreak of the disease,  13 % of all coral showed signs of the disease. This number is expected to increase, indicating strong changes for Aruba’s coral reefs in the near future.

Date
2023
Data type
Research report
Theme
Research and monitoring
Report number
Thesis (Utrecht University)
Geographic location
Aruba
Author

Carmabi has noticed ‘coral bleaching’ around Curaçao. ‘So far, damage is not too bad’

Dutch and Papiamentu below

WILLEMSTAD – The Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation has noted that there is another ‘coral bleaching event’ on our coral reefs this year. This phenomenon was noticed about 16 weeks ago and is currently past its peak.

Since 1955, Carmabi has been monitoring and conducting research on the coral reef around Curaçao. With the water temperature now dropping, it seems that the corals around Curaçao have weathered this period, with warmer water than normal, well. This positive development marks a notable contrast to previous years where coral bleaching was a concern for Curaçao, as well as when comparing local reefs to others in the Caribbean.

Due to El Niño and ongoing climate change, seawater in the Caribbean is warmer this year than ever before. In fact, for Curacao, the seawater has never been as warm as it’s been for the past 3 months, with temperatures reaching 31 degrees in October. Temperatures have also been very hot on land, a complaint made by many people over the recent months. Persistent heat, such as we’ve experienced this year, is not only a problem for people.  Other animals can also suffer from higher than normal temperatures. Corals are a good example of this.

(An unbleached star coral (middle) among peers that have been bleached – Oostpunt November 2023 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

Microscopic algae found in the tissue of reef-building corals normally provide their host (the coral) with food through photosynthesis but begin to produce toxins when seawater warms above 29 degrees. Corals then release these algae into the surrounding water. Since these algae give corals their typical green/brown color, corals appear to bleach when the algae are emitted. The coral tissue itself is transparent, making the underlying white coral skeleton visible. That is why this phenomenon is called ‘coral bleaching’.

(Many of the coral colonies in this photo did not survive the bleaching event of 2010 – Westpunt December 2010 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

If the seawater cools down enough after a few weeks, the algae return to the coral and everything is just like before. However, if the seawater remains warm for too long, some coral species may starve because they depend on these algae for their food supply. When the water stays warm for too long, as it did this year, many coral colonies start to die from starvation after a month. How warm the seawater becomes and how long it remains above 29 degrees ultimately determines how many corals will die due to ‘bleaching’.

(Not only corals but also gorgonians and anemones can bleach Oostpunt – November 2023 photo Mark JA Vermeij)

In 1998, 2005 and 2010 the seawater was also very warm (although not as warm as this year). In some places in the Caribbean, 80 percent of all coral colonies bleached in these years and up to 60 percent died locally. Coral bleaching is therefore often seen as one of the most important phenomena that contributes to the decline of coral reefs worldwide. However, ‘coral bleaching’ is not something that can be combated because it is a symptom of an underlying problem, namely the increasingly warmer sea caused by excessive CO2 emissions.

This year, between August and November, the seawater around Curaçao was warmer than 29 degrees (for the first time) for 16 weeks and in some Caribbean locations (for example the Florida Keys) the mortality of corals is enormous. Somewhat to the surprise of coral researchers, so far, the damage on Curaçao appears to not be too bad. Many corals are currently bleached, but many species are largely still alive, despite the historically long period of excessively high seawater temperatures, and in contrast to previous bleaching events on the island. Because the seawater is currently (at the end of November) dropping below 29 degrees again, there is hope that many of the corals that are currently still bleached will soon reabsorb their algae from the surrounding water and the previously expected mass mortality will not occur. The reason for this is currently unknown, but it is suspected that some corals may be slowly adapting to the warming water or have switched to other food sources, such as plankton. Only in a month or so will it become clear whether the now bleached corals on Curaçao will ultimately survive or whether the damage suffered is already so great that many colonies will die in the near future.

(During the bleaching in 2010, the degree of bleaching was more severe than this year, while it was less warm then than now – Westpunt December 2010 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

In the coming period, Carmabi will pay close attention to this phenomenon through various channels. The research institute that falls under Carmabi will continue to monitor the situation and will experiment with options to restore the coral reef, with its own researchers and guest researchers.

Carmabi emphasizes the crucial role of such research in understanding and conserving coral reef biodiversity. Monitoring these events helps develop effective strategies for the conservation of this precious ecosystem. The foundation remains committed to the protection and sustainable management of biodiversity around Curaçao, in light of future challenges and conservation needs for the region’s unique marine life.

(Bleached star coral, the light non-white color probably indicates a low amount of algae still present in the coral tissue – Oostpunt November 2023 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

For more information:

For example, see https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach for a video explaining the process of coral bleaching by scientists from the California Academy of Sciences who study this phenomenon. others in Curaçao have investigated.

 

 

WILLEMSTAD – De Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation heeft geconstateerd dat er dit jaar weer sprake is van een ‘coral bleaching event’ op onze koraalriffen. Dit fenomeen is ongeveer 16 weken geleden geconstateerd en is momenteel over zijn hoogtepunt heen.

Carmabi monitort en onderzoekt het koraalrif rondom Curaçao al sinds 1955. Nu de watertemperatuur weer gaat dalen, lijkt het erop dat de koralen rondom Curaçao deze periode, met warmer water dan normaal, goed hebben doorstaan. Deze positieve ontwikkeling markeert een opmerkelijk contrast met voorgaande jaren waarin ‘coral bleaching’ een zorgwekkende kwestie was op Curaçao, en dit geldt ook in vergelijking met andere riffen in het Caraïbische Gebied.

Vanwege El Niño en de aanhoudende klimaatsverandering is het zeewater in het Caribisch Gebied dit jaar warmer dan ooit tevoren. Ook op Curaçao is het zeewater de afgelopen 3 maanden nog nooit eerder zo warm geweest en bereikte in oktober zelfs 31 graden. Ook op land was het bloedheet en door velen werd hier de laatste maanden veelvuldig over geklaagd. Niet alleen voor mensen is aanhoudende hitte zoals we dit jaar meemaakte een probleem. Ook andere dieren kunnen lijden door hoger dan normale temperaturen. Koralen zijn daar een goed voorbeeld van.

(Een niet gebleekt sterkoraal (midden) te midden van soortgenoten die wel gebleekt zijn – Oostpunt November 2023 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Microscopisch kleine algen die in het weefsel van rifbouwende koralen voorkomen voorzien hun gastheer (het koraal) normaliter via fotosynthese van voedsel, maar beginnen giftige stoffen te maken als het zeewater warmer wordt dan 29 graden. Koralen stoten deze algen dan uit in het omringende water. Omdat deze algen koralen hun typische groen/bruine kleur geven, lijken koralen te verbleken als de algen worden uitgestoten. Het koraalweefsel zelf is namelijk doorzichtig waardoor het onderliggende witte koraalskelet zichtbaar wordt. Daarom wordt dit fenomeen ‘koraalverbleking’ of ‘coral bleaching’ in het Engels genoemd.

(Veel van de koraalkolonies op deze foto hebben het bleaching event van 2010 niet overleefd – Westpunt December 2010 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Als het zeewater na een aantal weken genoeg afkoelt, keren de algen terug in het koraal en is alles weer net als vroeger. Echter, als het zeewater te lang warm blijft kunnen sommige koraalsoorten verhongeren omdat zij afhankelijk zijn van deze algen voor de aanlevering van voedsel. Als het water te lang warm blijft zoals dit jaar, beginnen veel koraal kolonies na een maand door verhongering af te sterven. Hoe warm het zeewater wordt en hoelang het boven de 29 graden blijft bepalen uiteindelijk hoeveel koralen door ‘verbleking’ zullen omkomen.

(Niet alleen koralen maar ook gorgonen en anemonen kunnen verbleken Oostpunt – November 2023 foto Mark JA Vermeij)

In 1998, 2005 en 2010 was het zeewater ook erg warm (hoewel niet zo warm als dit jaar). Op sommige plekken in het Caribisch gebied verbleekten in deze jaren 80 procent van alle koraal kolonies en trad lokaal tot 60 procent sterfte op. ‘coral bleaching’ wordt dus veelal gezien als één van de belangrijkste fenomenen dat wereldwijd bijdraagt aan de achteruitgang van koraalriffen. ‘Coral bleaching’ is echter niet iets wat men kan bestrijden omdat het een symptoom is van een achterliggend probleem namelijk de steeds warmer wordende zee veroorzaakt door de te hoge uitstoot van o.a. CO2.

Dit jaar is tussen augustus en november het zeewater rondom Curaçao voor het eerst 16 weken warmer geweest dan 29 graden en op sommige Caribische locaties (bijvoorbeeld de Florida Keys) is de sterfte onder koralen enorm. Enigszins tot de verbazing van koraal onderzoekers lijkt de schade op Curaçao vooralsnog mee te gaan vallen. Veel koralen zijn momenteel verbleekt, maar veel soorten zijn, ondanks de historisch lange periode van te hoge zeewater temperaturen, en in tegenstelling tot eerdere ‘bleaching events’ op het eiland grotendeels nog in leven. Omdat het zeewater momenteel (eind november) weer onder de 29 graden zakt, bestaat de hoop dat veel van de koralen die momenteel nog verbleekt zijn binnenkort hun algen weer op zullen nemen uit het omringende water en de eerder verwachte massale sterfte uit zal blijven. De reden daarvoor is momenteel niet bekend maar vermoed wordt dat sommige koralen zich mogelijk langzaam kunnen aanpassen aan het warmer wordende water of overschakelen naar andere voedselbronnen zoals plankton. Pas over een maand of langer zal duidelijk worden of de nu verbleekte koralen op Curaçao het uiteindelijk zullen halen of dat de opgelopen schade reeds dermate groot is dat veel kolonies alsnog zullen afsterven in de nabije toekomst.

(Tijdens de bleaching in 2010 was de mate van verbleking ernstiger dan dit jaar terwijl het toen minder warm was dan nu – Westpunt December 2010 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

De komende periode zal Carmabi via diverse kanalen aandacht besteden aan dit fenomeen. Het onderzoeksinstituut dat onder Carmabi valt blijft de situatie monitoren en blijft experimenteren met mogelijkheden om het koraalrif te kunnen herstellen, met eigen onderzoekers en gastonderzoekers.

Carmabi benadrukt de cruciale rol van dergelijk onderzoek in het begrijpen en behouden van de biodiversiteit van het koraalrif. Het monitoren van deze gebeurtenissen draagt bij aan het ontwikkelen van effectieve strategieën voor het behoud van dit kostbare ecosysteem. De stichting blijft zich inzetten voor de bescherming en duurzaam beheer van de biodiversiteit rondom Curaçao, met het oog op toekomstige uitdagingen en behoud van het unieke mariene leven in de region.

(Verbleekt sterkoraal de lichte niet witte kleur wijst waarschijnlijk op een lage hoeveelheid algen die nog in het koraalweefstel aanwezig zijn – Oostpunt November 2023 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Voor meer informatie:

Zie bijvoorbeeld https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach voor een video waarin het proces van koraal verbleking (“coral bleaching’) wordt uitgelegd door wetenschappers van de California Academy of Sciences die dit fenomeen onder andere op Curaçao hebben onderzocht.

 

 

 

WILLEMSTAD – Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation a konstatá ku e aña aki atrobe tin un ‘coral bleaching event’ na nos refnan ki koral. A konstatá e fenómeno aki mas o ménos 16 siman pasá I aktualmente el a pasa su kumbre.

Carmabi ta mónitòr i investigá e ref di koral rondó  di Kòrsou for di 1955 kaba. Awor ku e temperatura di e awa di laman ta bai baha atrobe, ta manera e koralnan rondó di Kòrsou a pasa e temporada aki, ku awa mas kayente ku normal, bon. E desaroyo positivo aki ta marka un kontraste remarkabel ku e añanan anterior den kua ‘coral bleaching’ tabata un asuntu preokupante na Kòrsou, i esaki ta konta tambe den komparashon ku otro ref den Área Karibense.

Pa motibu di El Niño i e kambio di klima kontinuo, nunka e awa di laman den Área Karibense no tabata mas kayente ku awor. Tambe na Kòrsou e último tres lunanan nunka anterior e awa di laman no tabata asina kayente i na òktober asta a alkansá 31 grado. Tambe na tera tabata masha kalor mes i hopi hende a keha frekuentemente tokante di esaki. No ta pa hende so e kalor kontinuo manera nos tabatin e aña aki ta un problema. Otro bestia tambe por sufri di temperatura mas haltu ku normal. Koral ta un bon ehèmpel di esaki.

(Un koral di strea ku no a blikia (mei mei) mei mei di sorto di su grupo ku si a blikia – Oostpunt novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermeij)

Alga (lima) masha chikí, ku ta ku mikroskop so por mira, ku ta biba den e tehido di koral ku ta konstruí ref, normalmente ta duna nan anfitrion (e koral) di kome via fotosintesis, pero ta kuminsá traha materia venenoso si e awa di laman bira mas kayente ku 29 grado. E ora ei e koralnan ta ekspulsá e lima aki den e awa rònt di nan. Pasobra ta e lima aki ta duna e koralnan nan koló típiko bèrdè/maron, ta manera e koralnan ta blikia ora ekspulsá e lima. Pasobra e tehido di e koral mes ta transparente i esaki ta pone ku e skelèt blanku bou di dje ta bira visibel. Pesei ta yama e fenómeno ‘blikiamentu di koral’ òf ‘coral bleaching’ na idioma ingles.

(Hopi di e kolonianan di koral riba e potrèt aki no a sobreviví e evento di blikiamentu di aña 2010 – Westpunt desèmber 2010 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

Ora e awa di laman despues di algun siman fria sufisientemente, e limanan ta bolbe bèk den e koral i tur kos ta bira meskos ku ántes. Pero, si e awa di laman keda kayente muchu largu, algun tipo di koral despues di un luna ta kuminsá muri di hamber. Kon kayente e awa di laman ta bira i kon largu e ta keda pasa 29 grado lo determiná finalmente kuantu koral lo muri pa motibu di ‘blikiamentu’.

(No solamente koral sino tambe gorgon i anemon por blikia Oostpunt -novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermeij)

Na 1998, 2005 i 2010 tambe e awa di laman tabata masha kayente (pero no kayente manera e aña aki). Na algun sitio den área karibense den e añanan aki 80 porshento di tur kolonia di koral a blikia i lokalmente 60 porshento tabata muri. Pues hopi bia ta mira ‘coral bleaching’ komo un di e fenómenonan ku mundialmente ta kontribuí na e echo ku ref di koral ta bai atras. Pero ‘coral bleaching’ no ta algu ku por kombatí pasobra e ta un síntoma di un otro problema esta e laman ku ta bira mas i mas kayente pa motibu di e emishon muchu haltu di entre otro CO2.

E aña aki entre ougùstùs i novèmber e awa di laman rondó di Kòrsou pa promé bia 16 siman largu tabata mas kayente ku 29 grado i na sierto sitio karibense (manera por ehèmpel Florida Keys) e kantidat di koral ku a muri tabata enorme. Un tiko komo sorpresa di e investigadónan di koral e daño na Kòrsou por lo pronto parse no ta asina grave. Hopi koral aktualmente a blikia, pero hopi sorto, no opstante e temporada histórikamente largu di temperatura muchu haltu di awa di laman, i kontrali na evento di blikiamentu anterior, pa un gran parti ta na bida ainda. Pasobra e awa di laman aktualmente (fin di novèmber) atrobe lo baha bou di 29 grado, tin e speransa ku e koralnan ku aktualmente ainda ta blikiá pronto lo tuma nan lima atrobe for di e laman rònt di nan i ku e mortalidat masal ku a ferwagt anteriormente lo no sosodé. E motibu pa esaki aktualmente no ta konosí pero ta suponé ku sierto koral posiblemente por adaptá poko poko na e awa ku ta birando mas kayente òf ku nan ta pasa pa otro fuente di kuminda manera plánktòn. Te aki un luna numa òf mas tempu lo sali na kla si e koralnan na Kòrsou na final lo sobreviví òf ku e daño ku a sufrí ya ta asina grandi kaba ku hopi kolonia aun lo muri den futuro serkano.

(Durante di e bleaching na 2010 e grado di blikiamentu tabata mas serio ku e aña aki, miéntras e tempu ei tabata ménos kalor ku awor – Westpunt desèmber 2010 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

E temporada binidero Carmabi via diferente kanal lo duna atenshon na e fenómeno aki. E instituto di investigashon ku ta kai bou di Carmabi ta keda mónitòr e situashon i ta keda eksperimentá ku posibilidat pa por drecha e ref di koral, ku propio investigadó i investigadó wéspet.

Carmabi ta enfatisá e papel krusial di un investigashon asina di komprenshon i mantenshon di e biodiversidat di e ref di koral. Mónitòr e eventonan aki ta kontribuí na e desaroyo di strategia efektivo pa mantenshon di e ekosistema balioso aki. E fundashon ta keda empeñá pa e protekshon i maneho duradero di e biodiversidat rondó di Kòrsou ku bista riba futuro reto i mantenshon di e bida marino úniko den e region.

(Koral di strea ku a blikia e koló kla no blanku probablemente ta indiká un kantidat abou di lima ku ainda ta presente den e tehido di koral – Oostpunt novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

Pa mas informashon:

Mira por ehèmpel https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach

pa un vidio den kua sientífiko di California Academy of Sciences ku entre otro a investigá e fenómeno na Kòrsou, ta splika e proseso di blikiamentu di koral (“coral bleaching”).

 

 

 

Published in BioNews 70

 

Date
2023
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Curacao
Author

Exploring the interconnections between Tourism, Marine Protected Areas, and Coral Reef Health: A Socio-Ecological Approach for the Dutch Caribbean

Project description 

Title: Exploring the interconnections between Tourism, Marine Protected Areas, and Coral Reef Health: A Socio-Ecological Approach for the Dutch Caribbean

Time: Semptember 2023 - Not defined yet

Project leaders: Wageningen University & Research (Tobia Scisciolo, Lisa Becking, Andries Ritchter, Ingrid van de Leemput)

Project summary:

The decline of coral reefs worldwide, particularly evident in the Caribbean, has been attributed to both local stressors, such as pollution, coastal development, and overfishing and global stressors, including rising sea temperatures. Concurrently, the region has experienced rapid growth in tourism, which has become a vital economic driver for many Caribbean islands. While tourism and coastal development can contribute to diversifying coastal economies and even support marine protected areas (MPAs), they can also exacerbate local stressors and hinder economic resilience. With this PhD within the INREEF project, by recognizing the interdependencies between the social system of tourism, MPAs, and the ecological system of coral reefs, aims to adopt a socio-ecological approach to explore their interactions. This project seeks to assess the role of tourism in MPAs, understand the trajectories and lock-in processes influenced by tourism, and identify possible intervention points to prevent destabilizing feedbacks and protect the socio-ecological systems around coral reefs.

Date
2024
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Saba
Saba bank
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten

Investigating connectivity between coral reefs of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao

This thesis focuses on understanding the connectivity patterns of coral larvae in the area around Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao and their implications for population dynamics and conservation efforts. The study aims to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of larval dispersal and identify key factors influencing larval connectivity among different reef systems. Connectivity is studied by simulating currents with the 2D version of the Second generation Louvain-la-Neuve Ice-Ocean Model SLIM coupled with a Lagrangian Particle Tracker (LPT). Using a combination of field observations, numerical modeling, and graph theory analysis, we investigated the larval dispersal patterns of four coral species during their respective spawning seasons, the behavior of another species during 6 different months and the connectivity of a fictional species with low mortality rate and no competency loss. The results revealed distinct species-specific differences in larval connectivity, with some species exhibiting higher levels of connectivity within a short distance from their spawning sites, while others displayed broader dispersal capabilities. We also highlighted a strong seasonal variability in the area. Inter-island connectivity have been found for the fictional species and intra-island pattern have been focused on. Furthermore, using other tools from graph theory, the analysis of connectivity matrices and computation of connectivity indicators helped identifying zones of high interest for protection and restoration measures. The research outcomes contribute to the understanding of larval connectivity dynamics in the South-Eastern Caribbean Sea and provide insights for coral reef management and conservation. The results highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts to protect critical larval dispersal pathways and promote genetic exchange among reef systems.

 

http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:40210
 

Date
2023
Data type
Research report
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Author

The state of Curaçao's Coral Reef

Coral reefs in the Caribbean are degrading rapidly with a loss of ~50% in just 4 decades. The cause of this degradation is a combination of natural and human impacts (Wilkinson 2000). If present rates of decline continue, researchers project that 60% of Caribbean coral reefs will be lost over the next 30 years. The cumulative impacts from runoff, pol- lution, tourism overuse, destructive fishing and cli- mate change contribute synergistically to these re- gion wide trends. This Assessment finds the same is true for Curacao

The following five indicators were used to assess the health and condition of reef communities at each site: (1) the abundance of reef building organ- isms and their dominant competitors to determine if reefs at a location were growing or declining, (2) the abundance of coral recruits (juvenile corals) to assess the ability of a reef to renew itself, (3) the diversity, abundance, and biomass of all reef as- sociated fishes to assess the state of economically and ecologically important fish species around the island, (4) the abundance of mobile invertebrates such as lobsters and conch (not yet reported in this Assessment), and (5) water measurements to assess water quality for marine life and ocean users. Researchers conducted marine surveys at 148 nearshore sites around Curaçao

Date
2017
Data type
Other resources
Geographic location
Curacao

Reef Repercussions: The Unintended Consequences of Fish Feeding

Dutch below

Many divers have promoted feeding lionfish to eels and sharks as a way to entice these species to start hunting for these fish independently.  Unfortunately, training these species to look at divers for an easy snack could have some serious unintended consequences. 

The relationship between humans and the marine environment is complex and multifaceted. As our activities expand, we continue to have a significant impact on the behavior of aquatic organisms, including fish. By understanding these interactions, we can better appreciate the delicate balance of marine ecosystems and the importance of responsible recreational practices.

Predatory Fish

(Green moray eel. Photo credit: Rudy Van Geldere)

Predatory fish play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of marine environments. They regulate prey populations and contribute to the overall health of coral reefs and other habitats. Human activities can disrupt their natural feeding patterns, leading to potential consequences for both the predators and their ecosystems. An example of this includes feeding fish.  This not only alters the fishes’ diet but teaches predatory fish to approach humans hoping for a tasty snack.

One prime example of this includes lionfish hunters feeding nurse sharks or eels directly.  Although they have the best intentions, hoping to stimulate these species to eat the lionfish, the end result is that these fish associate divers with an easy meal.  This could mean these fish are more likely to approach divers on the reef. When lionfish hunting, the best practice is to take the lionfish out of the water and dispose of them properly on land.

(Photo credit: Manfred Richter)

Altered Diets

While the practice of feeding fish may seem harmless or even exciting for tourists, it can have detrimental effects on the natural behavior and ecological dynamics on the reef.  This unnaturally brings fish to small areas, making them more vulnerable to other threats (such as fishing) but also alters their diet and pollutes the reef.  Fish that would normally graze algae off the reef may now be tempted to eat whatever food has been placed in the water.

Sustainable Use

Recognizing the potential consequences of human interactions with marine life is essential for promoting responsible behavior and minimizing human impact on the reef.  Promoting sustainable tourism practices that prioritize the preservation of natural environments and wildlife is essential. Encouraging visitors to observe marine life without actively interfering in their feeding behavior can help protect the delicate balance of the ecosystem.

DCNA

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) supports science communication and outreach in the Dutch Caribbean region by making nature related scientific information more widely available through amongst others the Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s news platform BioNews and through the press. This article is part of a series of articles on ‘Invasive Alien Species in the Dutch Caribbean”. This article contains the results from several scientific studies but the studies themselves are not DCNA studies. No rights can be derived from the content. DCNA is not liable for the content and the in(direct) impacts resulting from publishing this article.


 

 

Veel duikers hebben het voeren van koraalduivels aan murenen en haaien gepromoot als een manier om deze soorten te verleiden zelfstandig op deze vissen te gaan jagen. Helaas kan het trainen van deze soorten om naar duikers te kijken voor een gemakkelijke snack enkele ernstige onbedoelde gevolgen hebben.

De relatie tussen de mens en het mariene milieu is complex en veelzijdig. Naarmate onze activiteiten uitbreiden, blijven we een aanzienlijke invloed uitoefenen op het gedrag van waterorganismen, waaronder vissen. Door deze interacties te begrijpen, kunnen we het delicate evenwicht van mariene ecosystemen en het belang van verantwoorde recreatiepraktijken beter waarderen.

Roofzuchtige vissen

(Groene murene. Photo credit: Rudy Van Geldere)

Roofvissen spelen een cruciale rol bij het handhaven van het ecologisch evenwicht van het mariene milieu. Ze reguleren prooipopulaties en dragen bij aan de algehele gezondheid van koraalriffen en andere leefgebieden. Menselijke activiteiten kunnen hun natuurlijke voedingspatronen verstoren, wat kan leiden tot mogelijke gevolgen voor zowel de roofdieren als hun ecosystemen. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het voeren van vissen. Dit verandert niet alleen het dieet van de vissen, maar leert roofvissen ook om mensen te benaderen in de hoop op een lekker tussendoortje.

Een goed voorbeeld hiervan zijn duikers die op koraalduivels jagen en verpleegsterhaaien of murenen rechtstreeks voeren. Hoewel ze de beste bedoelingen hebben, in de hoop deze soorten te stimuleren om de koraalduivel te eten, is het eindresultaat dat deze vissen duikers associëren met een gemakkelijke maaltijd. Dit zou kunnen betekenen dat deze vissen eerder geneigd zijn om duikers op het rif te benaderen. Bij het jagen op koraalduivels is het het beste om de koraalduivels uit het water te halen en op de juiste manier op het land af te voeren.

(Photo credit: Manfred Richter)

Veranderde diëten

Hoewel het voeren van vissen voor toeristen misschien onschuldig of zelfs opwindend lijkt, kan het nadelige gevolgen hebben voor het natuurlijke gedrag en de ecologische dynamiek op het rif. Dit brengt vissen op onnatuurlijke wijze naar kleine gebieden, waardoor ze kwetsbaarder worden voor andere bedreigingen (zoals vissers), maar verandert ook hun dieet en vervuilt het rif. Vissen die normaal algen van het rif zouden grazen, kunnen nu in de verleiding komen om al het voedsel dat in het water is gekomen  te eten.

Duurzaam gebruik

Het erkennen van de mogelijke gevolgen van menselijke interacties met het zeeleven is essentieel voor het bevorderen van verantwoord gedrag en het minimaliseren van de menselijke impact op het rif. Het bevorderen van duurzame toerismepraktijken die prioriteit geven aan het behoud van natuurlijke omgevingen en dieren in het wild is essentieel. Door bezoekers aan te moedigen het zeeleven te observeren zonder zich actief te bemoeien met hun voedingsgedrag, kan het delicate evenwicht van het ecosysteem worden beschermd.

DCNA

De Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ondersteunt wetenschapscommunicatie en outreach in de Nederlandse Caribische regio door natuurgerelateerde wetenschappelijke informatie breder beschikbaar te maken via onder andere de Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s nieuwsplatform BioNews en via de pers. Dit artikel maakt deel uit van een serie artikelen over ‘Invasive Alien Species in the Dutch Caribbean’. Dit artikel bevat de resultaten van verschillende wetenschappelijke onderzoeken, maar de onderzoeken zelf zijn geen DCNA-onderzoeken. Aan de inhoud kunnen geen rechten worden ontleend. DCNA is niet aansprakelijk voor de inhoud en de indirecte gevolgen die voortvloeien uit het publiceren van dit artikel.

 

 

Published in BioNews 66

Date
2023
Data type
Media
Theme
Education and outreach
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Saba
Saba bank
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten
Author

Coral Reef Arks: An In Situ Mesocosm and Toolkit for Assembling Reef Communities

Coral reefs thrive and provide maximal ecosystem services when they support a multilevel trophic structure and grow in favorable water quality conditions that include high light levels, rapid water flow, and low nutrient levels. Poor water quality and other anthropogenic stressors have caused coral mortality in recent decades, leading to trophic downgrading and the loss of biological complexity on many reefs. Solutions to reverse the causes of trophic downgrading remain elusive, in part because efforts to restore reefs are often attempted in the same diminished conditions that caused coral mortality in the first place. Coral Arks, positively buoyant, midwater structures, are designed to provide improved water quality conditions and supportive cryptic biodiversity for translocated and naturally recruited corals to assemble healthy reef mesocosms for use as longterm research platforms. Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS), passive settlement devices, are used to translocate the cryptic reef biodiversity to the Coral Arks, thereby providing a "boost" to natural recruitment and contributing ecological support to the coral health. We modeled and experimentally tested two designs of Arks to evaluate the drag characteristics of the structures and assess their long-term stability in the midwater based on their response to hydrodynamic forces. We then installed two designs of Arks structures at two Caribbean reef sites and measured several water quality metrics associated with the Arks environment over time. At deployment and 6 months after, the Coral Arks displayed enhanced metrics of reef function, including higher flow, light, and dissolved oxygen, higher survival of translocated corals, and reduced sedimentation and microbialization relative to nearby seafloor sites at the same depth. This method provides researchers with an adaptable, long-term platform for building reef communities where local water quality conditions can be adjusted by altering deployment parameters such as the depth and site.

Date
2023
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Document
Geographic location
Curacao

Parrotfish: Important Coral Reef Keepers

Dutch, Papiamentu and Papiamento below

Parrotfish are more than just a pretty face. The average parrotfish spends up to 90% of its day cleaning the coral reefs. Their sharp beaks allow them to easily scrape algae off corals and rocks, essential for keeping the reefs healthy and thriving. They are especially important to reef health now given the increase in major stressors such as coral bleaching events and Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD). Increased protection in the Caribbean region will be considered in the next Conference of parties for the Cartagena Convention (COPS) meeting later this year on Aruba. 

(Princess Parrotfish (Scarus taeniopterus). Photo credit: Marion Haarsma)

Coral reefs provide valuable habitat for fish and other animals. People also benefit from the many ecosystem services coral reefs provide including coastal protection, food and income from tourism and fisheries. In fact, coral reefs are one of the most important sources of income for the Dutch Caribbean islands.  

 

Important grazers 

(Photo credit: Marion Haarsma)

Herbivores like parrotfish play a critical role in maintaining healthy coral reefs. They help sustain the delicate balance within the reef by grazing on (macro)algae, which are the main competitors for corals for space and light. The average parrotfish spends up to 90% of its day cleaning the reef. Not only does this fish species keep the algae in check, but these herbivores also create new space for baby corals to attach and grow.  

Besides removing macroalgae and promoting coral settlement and growth, parrotfish are also natural bioeroders producing sediment by grazing on rocks, calcareous algae and corals (less than 10% of their food). Hereby they help recycle nutrients and produce “sand” for (eroded) coastal areas.  

The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) report entitled “Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012″ by Jackson et al. (2014) documented quantitative trends on coral reef health over 43 years in the wider Caribbean. The report identifies that one of the major drivers of coral reef decline in the Caribbean is the overfishing of herbivores, particularly parrotfish. 

 

Threats 

(Parrotfish on Bonaire’s reef. Photo credit: Steph Wear)

Parrotfish thrive best in healthy coral reefs ecosystems. Therefore, these fish are subjected to the same threats as corals. This includes the negative effects of climate change, ocean acidification, pollution and diseases such as the Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD). In addition, overfishing can quickly wipe out local parrotfish populations. Studies show that reefs are healthier and have a higher recovery resilience capability in locations where parrotfish are protected. This highlights the importance of parrotfish for reefs to be able recover and regrow from these threats. 

 

Protecting Parrotfish 

In the Dutch Caribbean- on Aruba and Bonaire- there are local rules and regulations to protect all parrotfish. On these islands it is prohibited to catch, kill, wound, or disturb them. Luckily for the other islands in the (Dutch) Caribbean, the Kingdom of Netherlands, along with the Republic of France, have formally submitted a proposal to include all parrotfish in Annex III of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol, a regional agreement for the protection and sustainable use of coastal and marine biodiversity in the Wider Caribbean Region. If approved during the next Conference of parties for the Cartagena Convention (COPS) later this year on Aruba, this measure provides a legal framework for the conservation of the parrotfish to ensure and maintain population at an optimal level in the Wider Caribbean. 

Want to learn more about local parrotfish populations? Check out the following related articles: 

Fish poop: an underappreciated food source for coral reef fishes?

Recovery of Orbicella annularis corals from parrotfish predation, 

Parrotfish key to reef survival,

https://www.gefcrew.org/carrcu/SPAWSTAC10/SPAW_STAC10_WG.43-INF.17_EN_Parrotfish_Inclusion.pdf\ 

 

DCNA  

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) supports science communication and outreach in the Dutch Caribbean region by making nature related scientific information more widely available through amongst others the Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s news platform BioNews and the press. This article contains the results from several scientific studies but the studies themselves are not DCNA studies. No rights can be derived from the content. DCNA is not liable for the content and the in(direct) impacts resulting from publishing this article. 

 

 

 

 

Papegaaivissen zijn meer dan alleen een mooi gezicht. De gemiddelde papegaaivis besteedt tot 90% van zijn dag aan het schoonmaken van de koraalriffen. Met hun scherpe bek kunnen ze gemakkelijk algen van koralen en rotsen schrapen, essentieel om de riffen gezond te houden. Vooral nu met grote stressfactoren zoals koraalverbleking en Stoney Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD), zijn ze belangrijk om koraalriffen te helpen herstellen en opnieuw te laten groeien. Verhoogde bescherming in het Caribisch gebied zal worden overwogen tijdens de volgende Conference of parties for the Cartagena Convention (COPS) die later dit jaar op Aruba plaatsvindt.

(Prinses Papegaaivis (Scarus taeniopterus). Photo credit: Marion Haarsma)

Koraalriffen vormen een waardevol leefgebied voor vissen en andere dieren. Mensen profiteren ook van de vele ecosysteemdiensten die koraalriffen bieden, waaronder kustbescherming, voedsel en inkomsten uit toerisme en visserij. Koraalriffen zijn zelfs een van de belangrijkste bronnen van inkomsten voor de Nederlands Caribische eilanden.

 

Belangrijke grazers

(Foto: Marion Haarsma)

Herbivoren zoals papegaaivissen spelen een cruciale rol bij het behoud van gezonde koraalriffen. Ze helpen het delicate evenwicht binnen het rif in stand te houden door te grazen op (macro)algen, die de belangrijkste concurrenten zijn voor koralen om ruimte en licht. De gemiddelde papegaaivis besteedt tot 90% van zijn dag aan het schoonmaken van het rif. Deze vissoort houdt niet alleen de algen onder controle, maar deze herbivoren creëren ook nieuwe ruimte voor babykoralen om zich te hechten en te groeien.

Naast het verwijderen van macroalgen en het bevorderen van de vestiging en groei van koralen, zijn papegaaivissen ook natuurlijke bioeroders die sediment produceren door te grazen op rotsen, kalkalgen en koralen (minder dan 10% van hun voedsel). Hiermee helpen ze bij het recyclen van nutriënten en het produceren van “zand” voor (geërodeerde) kustgebieden.

Het rapport van het Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) getiteld “Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012” door Jackson et al. (2014) documenteerde kwantitatieve trends over de gezondheid van koraalriffen gedurende 43 jaar in het bredere Caribisch gebied. Het rapport identificeert dat een van de belangrijkste oorzaken van de achteruitgang van koraalriffen in het Caribisch gebied de overbevissing van herbivoren, met name papegaaivissen, is.

 

Gevaren

(Papegaaivissen op Bonaire. Foto: Steph Wear)

Papegaaivissen gedijen het best in gezonde ecosystemen van koraalriffen. Daarom worden deze vissen blootgesteld aan dezelfde bedreigingen als koralen. Denk hierbij aan de negatieve effecten van klimaatverandering, verzuring van de oceaan, vervuiling en ziektes zoals de Stoney Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD). Bovendien kan overbevissing lokale papegaaivispopulaties snel uitroeien. Studies tonen aan dat riffen gezonder zijn en een hoger herstelvermogen hebben op locaties waar papegaaivissen worden beschermd. Dit benadrukt het belang van papegaaivissen voor riffen om te kunnen herstellen en teruggroeien van deze bedreigingen.

 

Papegaaivissen beschermen

In de Nederlandse Cariben – op Aruba en Bonaire – zijn er lokale regels en voorschriften om alle papegaaivissen te beschermen. Op deze eilanden is het verboden ze te vangen, te doden, te verwonden of te storen. Gelukkig voor de andere eilanden in de (Nederlandse) Cariben heeft het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, samen met de Republiek Frankrijk, formeel een voorstel ingediend om alle papegaaivissen op te nemen in bijlage III van het Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol, een regionaal overeenkomst voor de bescherming en het duurzame gebruik van de kust- en mariene biodiversiteit in de ruimere Caribische regio. Indien goedgekeurd tijdens de volgende Conference of parties for the Cartagena Convention (COPS) later dit jaar op Aruba, biedt deze maatregel een wettelijk kader voor de instandhouding van de papegaaivis om de populatie op een optimaal niveau in de wijdere Cariben te verzekeren en te behouden.

Wilt u meer weten over de lokale papegaaivispopulaties? Bekijk de volgende gerelateerde artikelen:

Fish poop: an underappreciated food source for coral reef fishes?,

Recovery of Orbicella annularis corals from parrotfish predation,

Parrotfish key to reef survival,

https://www.gefcrew.org/carrcu/SPAWSTAC10/SPAW_STAC10_WG.43-INF.17_EN_Parrotfish_Inclusion.pdf\

 

DCNA

De Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ondersteunt wetenschapscommunicatie en outreach in de Nederlandse Caribische regio door natuurgerelateerde wetenschappelijke informatie breder beschikbaar te maken via onder meer de Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA’s nieuwsplatform BioNews en de pers. Dit artikel bevat de resultaten van verschillende wetenschappelijke onderzoeken, maar de onderzoeken zelf zijn geen DCNA-onderzoeken. Aan de inhoud kunnen geen rechten worden ontleend. DCNA is niet aansprakelijk voor de inhoud en de indirecte gevolgen die voortvloeien uit het publiceren van dit artikel.

 

 

 

Gutu ta un piská ku ta bal mas ku djis unu ku nèchi kara so. E gutu averahe ta traha 90% di su bida riba tene ref di koral limpi. Ku nan boka skèrpi fásilmente nan ta raspa alga for di koral i baranka, loke ta esensial pa tene e refnan sano i salvo. Espesialmente aworakí ku tin faktornan importante manera evento di blikiamentu di koral i e malesa ‘Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD)’ nan ta importante pa yuda ref di koral pa rekuperá i sigui krese. Ta bai konsiderá e aspekto di alsamentu di protekshon den region di Karibe den e siguiente Konferensia di Partido den e reunion di ‘Cartagena Convention (COPS)’ mas den kurso di e aña akí na Aruba. 

(Foto: Marion Haarsma)

Ref di Koral ta duna habitat importante na piská i otro animal. Hende tambe tin benefisio di e hopi servisionan di e ekosistema ku ref di koral ta krea, inkluso protekshon di kosta, kuminda i entrada for di turismo i peska. En realidat, ref di koral ta un di e fuentenan mas importante di entrada pa e islanan di Hulanda Karibense. 

 

Komedó di yerba important 

(Foto: Marion Haarsma)

Hèrbivor manera gutu tin un papel importante den mantenshon di ref di koral sano. Nan ta yuda pa mantené e balansa delikado denter di e ref dor di kome e (makro) alga, ku ta e kompetidor mas grandi pa espasio i lus. E gutu averahe ta pasa te ku 90% di su dia hasiendo ref limpi. No solamente e espesie di piská akí ta mantené e alga bou di kontrol, pero e hèrbivornan akí ta krea tambe espasio nobo pa yu di koral por ankra i krese. 

Ademas eliminando makro alga i promoviendo ankramentu i kresementu di koral, gutu ta un outor di eroshon biológiko ku ta produsí sedimento dor di raspa baranka pa kome alga i koral (ménos ku 10% di nan kuminda). Asina nan ta yuda resiklá nutriente i produsí “santu” pa áreanan (ku eroshon) na kosta. 

E rapòrt di ‘Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)’ titulá “Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs / Status i Kurso di desaroyo di Ref di Koralnan Karibense: 1970-2012″ pa Jackson et al. (2014) a dokumentá tendensia di desaroyo kuantitativo di salubridat di ref di koral durante 43 aña den e region di Karibe amplio. E rapòrt ta mustra ku un di e faktornan mas grandi di dekadensia di ref di koral den Karibe ta e peska eksesivo di hèrbivor, partikularmente di gutu. 

 

Menasa 

(Foto: Steph Wear)

Gutu ta prosperá mas tantu den ekosistemanan di ref di koral saludabel. Pa e motibu ei e piská akí tin e mesun enemigunan ku ta krea menasa ku e enemigunnan di koral. Esakinan ta inkluí e efektonan negativo di kambio di klima, oumento di ásido (zür) den osean, polushon i malesa manera e ‘Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD)’. Ademas, peska eksesivo por kaba ku populashonnan lokal di gutu. Investigashonnan ta mustra ku refnan ta mas saludabel i tin un kapasidat di resiliensia mas haltu kaminda ku gutu ta protehá. Esaki ta enfatisá e importansia di gutu pa refnan por rekuperá i krese di nobo despues di e menasanan akí. 

 

Protekshon di Gutu 

Na Hulanda Karibense – ta na Aruba ku Boneiru – tin lei i regulashon lokal pa protekshon di gutu. Na e islanan akí ta prohibí pa kohe, mata, heridá òf stroba nan. Afortunadamente pa e otro islanan na Karibe (Hulandes), Reino Hulandes, huntu Repúblika di Fransia, a entregá formalmente un proposishon pa inkluí tur gutu den e Anekso III di e protokòl ‘Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol’, un akuerdo regional pa protekshon i uso duradero di e biodiversidat marino den e Region di Karibe Amplio. Si akordá esaki durante e próksimo konferensia di partido pa e konvenshon ‘Cartagena Convention (COPS) IGM20/COP17’ mas den kurso di e aña akí na Aruba, e medida akí ta krea un kuadro legal pa konservashon di gutu pa sigurá i mantené e populashon di gutu na un nivel optimal den Karibe Amplio. 

 

Bo ke haña mas konosementu tokante populashonnan lokal di gutu? Chèk e siguiente artíkulonan ku laso: 

Fish poop: an underappreciated food source for coral reef fishes?

Recovery of Orbicella annularis corals from parrotfish predation, 

Parrotfish key to reef survival,

https://www.gefcrew.org/carrcu/SPAWSTAC10/SPAW_STAC10_WG.43-INF.17_EN_Parrotfish_Inclusion.pdf\  

 

DCNA 

Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) ta sostené komunikashon sientífiko i presentashon na públiko den region Karibe Hulandes dor di hasi informashon sientífiko relashoná ku naturalesa mas ampliamente disponibel pa medio di entre otro e Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, DCNA su plataforma di notisia BioNews i prensa. E kontenido akí ta kontené e resultadonan di diferente estudio sientífiko pero e estudionan mes no ta di DCNA. No por saka ningun derecho for di e kontenido. DCNA ku e publikashon no ta legalmente responsabel pa e kontenido i e impaktonan direkto/indirekto di e artíkulo akí. 

 

 

 

Gutu ta mas cu djis un cara bunita. E gutu promedio ta pasa te 90% di su dia limpiando e rifnan di coral. Su piknan afila ta permitie raspa kita e alganan  facilmente di e coralnan y e barancanan, loke ta esencial pa mantene e rifnan saludabel y prospero. Specialmente awor cu e principal factornan di stress, manera e eventonan di blankia coral y malesa di perdida di tehido di piedra di coral  SCTLD (Stony coral tissue loss disease), ta importante pa yuda e rifnan di coral recupera y bolbe crece. Lo considera un mayor proteccion den e region di Caribe durante e proximo Conferencia di e partinan pa e reunion di e Convencion di Cartagena (COPS) mas despues durante e aña aki na Aruba. 

(Foto: Marion Haarsma)

E rifnan di coral ta proporciona un habitat valioso pa pisca y otro bestia. Hende tambe ta beneficia di e hopi servicionan ecosistemico cu e rifnan di coral ta brinda, incluyendo proteccion di costa, alimento y e ingresonan di turismo y pesca. De facto, e rifnan di coral ta un di e fuentenan di ingreso mas importante pa e islanan di Caribe Hulandes. 

 

Comedo di yerba important 

(Foto: Marion Haarsma)

Herbivoro manera gutu ta hunga un papel fundamental den mantencion saludabel di e rifnan di coral. Nan ta yuda mantene e ekilibrio delicado dentro di e rifnan door di come alga (macro), cu ta e principal competido di e coralnan pa espacio y luz. E gutu promedio ta pasa hasta 90% di su dia limpiando rif. No solamente e especienan di pisca ta mantene e alganan bou di control, sino cu tambe e herbivoronan aki ta crea espacio nobo pa e coralnan baby pega y crece. 

Ademas di elimina e macroalganan y promove asentamento y crecemento di e coralnan, e gutunan tambe ta bioerosionado natural cu ta produci sedimento door di come yerba riba e barancanan, alga calcarea y coral (menos di 10 % di su alimento). Di e manera aki nan ta yuda recicla e nutrientenan y nan ta produci “santo” pa e zonanan di costa (erosiona). 

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) nan raport titula “Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012″ pa Jackson et al. (2014) a documenta tendencia cuantitativa tocante salud di e rifnan di coral durante 43 aña den Caribe Mayor. E informe ta identifica cu un di e principal impulsornan di rechaso di e rifnan di coral den Caribe ta pesca excesivo di herbivoro, particularmente di gutu. 

 

Menasa 

(Foto: Steph Wear)

Gutu ta prospera miho den ecosistema di rif di coral saludabel. Por lo tanto, e piscanan ey ta suheto na e mesun menasanan cu e coralnan. Esaki ta inclui e efectonan negativo di cambio climatico, e acidificacion di ocean, e contaminacion y malesa manera e malesa di perdida di tehido di coral duro. Ademas, sobrepesca por caba hopi lihe cu poblacionnan local di gutu. Estudionan ta mustra cu e rifnan ta mas saludabel y tin un mayor capacidad di resiliencia di recuperacion na luganan unda e gutunan ta proteha. Esaki ta e importancia di gutu pa cu e rifnan por recupera y bolbe crece di e menasanan aki. 

 

Proteccion di gutu 

Den Caribe Hulandes -na Aruba y Boneiro- ta existi norma y reglamento local pa proteha tur gutu. Na e islanan aki ta prohibi pa gara, mata, herida of molestia e gutunan. Afortunadamente pa e demas islanan di Caribe (Hulandes), Reino Hulandes, hunto cu Republica di Francia a presenta formalmente un proposicion pa inclui tur e gutunan den Anexo III di Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol, (Protocol di Area y Bida Silvestre specialmente Proteha), un acuerdo regional acuerdo pa proteccion y uzo sostenibel di e biodiversidad costera y marino den e Region di Gran Caribe. Si  aproba esaki durante e proximo Conferencia di e Partinan pa e Convencion di Cartagena (COPS) IGM20/COP17 mas despues durante e aña aki  na Aruba, e medida aki ta proporciona un marco legal pa conservacion di gutu pa sigura y mantene e poblacion den un nivel optimo den Caribe Mayor. 

 

Bo kier siña mas tocante e poblacionnan local di gutu? Consulta e siguiente articulonan relaciona cu esaki: 

Fish poop: an underappreciated food source for coral reef fishes?

Recovery of Orbicella annularis corals from parrotfish predation, 

Parrotfish key to reef survival,

https://www.gefcrew.org/carrcu/SPAWSTAC10/SPAW_STAC10_WG.43-INF.17_EN_Parrotfish_Inclusion.pdf\  

 

 DCNA

Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) (Aliansa pa Naturalesa di Caribe Hulandes) ta sostene comunicacion cientifico y divulgacion den region di Caribe Hulandes door di haci cu e informacion cientifico relaciona cu naturalesa ta mas disponibel a traves di, entre otro, Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database, (Base di Dato di Biodiversidad di Caribe Hulandes), plataforma di noticia BioNews di DCNA y prensa. E articulo aki ta contene resultado di varios estudio cientifico, pero e estudionan riba nan mes no ta estudionan di DCNA. Ningun derecho no por wordo deriva di e contenido. DCNA no ta responsabel pa e contenido y e impacto indirecto cu resulta di publicacion di e articulo aki. 

 

Published in BioNews 63

Date
2023
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Education and outreach
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Aruba
Bonaire
Curacao
Saba
Saba bank
St. Eustatius
St. Maarten
Author

Assessing water quality and the benthic species communities around the Dutch Caribbean Island Sint Eustatius.

Summary
The health of coral reefs is threatened by anthropogenic land-based input, which is a global problem. High nutrient conditions make corals less resilient to environmental stresses like climate change and intense weather. Poor water quality is likely for the island of St. Eustatius due to the lack of sewage treatment and its erodible coastline. However, there are no data on this island’s long-term water quality monitoring. Chlorophyll-a concentrations, used to indicate water quality, were monitored at 13 locations around St. Eustatius twice a month from May to November 2022 (n=13). Additionally, images of the ocean floor at 10m were made using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to monitor benthic species communities and their habitat. The main conclusion of this research shows that the reefs are primarily in an algal-dominant state. This may be explained by the frequent, chronic exceedances of the 0.2 g/l chlorophyll-a threshold. Chlorophyll -a thresholds were surpassed more frequently and with higher amounts on the sites with a larger anthropogenic influence. The lower threshold for chlorophyll-a was surpassed at 5 out of the 11 sites by more than 30% of the measurements. This would point to a more pervasive low-level eutrophic condition at all sites. On many of the sand-based substrate areas, seagrass has covered it.

For full report or more information,  please contact erik.meesters@wur.nl or gulsah.dogruer@wur.nl

Date
2022
Data type
Research report
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
St. Eustatius
Author

Exploring Coral Reefs with Interactive Geospatial Visualizations

Abstract

This project uses geospatial data to generate custom polygons in an interactive setting to represent the size and location of coral reefs to extract insights from coral reef-centered data sets. Historically, the data used by the Reef Restoration Group Bonaire exists in disparate sources, making it difficult to track and analyze the outcomes of their restoration work. Additionally, this information is not available in a digestible format for other audiences who would be interested in this data, such as citizen scientists seeking coral reef health statistics, the general public wanting to better understand the coral reefs surrounding Bonaire or recreational scuba divers interested in learning more about potential dive sites. Numerous data points were extracted for each reef in scope, largely from two data sources to highlight the efforts of the Reef Restoration Group Bonaire and biodiversity of each reef. These data elements were visualized using Tableau, an interactive data visualization software, which provided the vehicle for the exploration and interaction with the data. The development of the custom Tableau interface and geospatial polygons representing the coral reefs, allowed for an interactive user experience for exploration and analysis of the health and biodiversity of each reef by plotting these polygons on a world map. The outcome gave the precise location and size for each reef allowing for the identification of reef boundaries using latitude and longitude coordinates as the polygon vertices. These outcomes indicate there is a tangible benefit possible by representing geospatial data in an interactive environment for data analysis and extraction of insights.

Date
2022
Data type
Research report
Report number
Computer Information Systems (M.S.) Project
Geographic location
Bonaire