Bleaching

Carmabi has noticed ‘coral bleaching’ around Curaçao. ‘So far, damage is not too bad’

Dutch and Papiamentu below

WILLEMSTAD – The Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation has noted that there is another ‘coral bleaching event’ on our coral reefs this year. This phenomenon was noticed about 16 weeks ago and is currently past its peak.

Since 1955, Carmabi has been monitoring and conducting research on the coral reef around Curaçao. With the water temperature now dropping, it seems that the corals around Curaçao have weathered this period, with warmer water than normal, well. This positive development marks a notable contrast to previous years where coral bleaching was a concern for Curaçao, as well as when comparing local reefs to others in the Caribbean.

Due to El Niño and ongoing climate change, seawater in the Caribbean is warmer this year than ever before. In fact, for Curacao, the seawater has never been as warm as it’s been for the past 3 months, with temperatures reaching 31 degrees in October. Temperatures have also been very hot on land, a complaint made by many people over the recent months. Persistent heat, such as we’ve experienced this year, is not only a problem for people.  Other animals can also suffer from higher than normal temperatures. Corals are a good example of this.

(An unbleached star coral (middle) among peers that have been bleached – Oostpunt November 2023 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

Microscopic algae found in the tissue of reef-building corals normally provide their host (the coral) with food through photosynthesis but begin to produce toxins when seawater warms above 29 degrees. Corals then release these algae into the surrounding water. Since these algae give corals their typical green/brown color, corals appear to bleach when the algae are emitted. The coral tissue itself is transparent, making the underlying white coral skeleton visible. That is why this phenomenon is called ‘coral bleaching’.

(Many of the coral colonies in this photo did not survive the bleaching event of 2010 – Westpunt December 2010 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

If the seawater cools down enough after a few weeks, the algae return to the coral and everything is just like before. However, if the seawater remains warm for too long, some coral species may starve because they depend on these algae for their food supply. When the water stays warm for too long, as it did this year, many coral colonies start to die from starvation after a month. How warm the seawater becomes and how long it remains above 29 degrees ultimately determines how many corals will die due to ‘bleaching’.

(Not only corals but also gorgonians and anemones can bleach Oostpunt – November 2023 photo Mark JA Vermeij)

In 1998, 2005 and 2010 the seawater was also very warm (although not as warm as this year). In some places in the Caribbean, 80 percent of all coral colonies bleached in these years and up to 60 percent died locally. Coral bleaching is therefore often seen as one of the most important phenomena that contributes to the decline of coral reefs worldwide. However, ‘coral bleaching’ is not something that can be combated because it is a symptom of an underlying problem, namely the increasingly warmer sea caused by excessive CO2 emissions.

This year, between August and November, the seawater around Curaçao was warmer than 29 degrees (for the first time) for 16 weeks and in some Caribbean locations (for example the Florida Keys) the mortality of corals is enormous. Somewhat to the surprise of coral researchers, so far, the damage on Curaçao appears to not be too bad. Many corals are currently bleached, but many species are largely still alive, despite the historically long period of excessively high seawater temperatures, and in contrast to previous bleaching events on the island. Because the seawater is currently (at the end of November) dropping below 29 degrees again, there is hope that many of the corals that are currently still bleached will soon reabsorb their algae from the surrounding water and the previously expected mass mortality will not occur. The reason for this is currently unknown, but it is suspected that some corals may be slowly adapting to the warming water or have switched to other food sources, such as plankton. Only in a month or so will it become clear whether the now bleached corals on Curaçao will ultimately survive or whether the damage suffered is already so great that many colonies will die in the near future.

(During the bleaching in 2010, the degree of bleaching was more severe than this year, while it was less warm then than now – Westpunt December 2010 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

In the coming period, Carmabi will pay close attention to this phenomenon through various channels. The research institute that falls under Carmabi will continue to monitor the situation and will experiment with options to restore the coral reef, with its own researchers and guest researchers.

Carmabi emphasizes the crucial role of such research in understanding and conserving coral reef biodiversity. Monitoring these events helps develop effective strategies for the conservation of this precious ecosystem. The foundation remains committed to the protection and sustainable management of biodiversity around Curaçao, in light of future challenges and conservation needs for the region’s unique marine life.

(Bleached star coral, the light non-white color probably indicates a low amount of algae still present in the coral tissue – Oostpunt November 2023 photo Mark J A Vermeij)

For more information:

For example, see https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach for a video explaining the process of coral bleaching by scientists from the California Academy of Sciences who study this phenomenon. others in Curaçao have investigated.

 

 

WILLEMSTAD – De Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation heeft geconstateerd dat er dit jaar weer sprake is van een ‘coral bleaching event’ op onze koraalriffen. Dit fenomeen is ongeveer 16 weken geleden geconstateerd en is momenteel over zijn hoogtepunt heen.

Carmabi monitort en onderzoekt het koraalrif rondom Curaçao al sinds 1955. Nu de watertemperatuur weer gaat dalen, lijkt het erop dat de koralen rondom Curaçao deze periode, met warmer water dan normaal, goed hebben doorstaan. Deze positieve ontwikkeling markeert een opmerkelijk contrast met voorgaande jaren waarin ‘coral bleaching’ een zorgwekkende kwestie was op Curaçao, en dit geldt ook in vergelijking met andere riffen in het Caraïbische Gebied.

Vanwege El Niño en de aanhoudende klimaatsverandering is het zeewater in het Caribisch Gebied dit jaar warmer dan ooit tevoren. Ook op Curaçao is het zeewater de afgelopen 3 maanden nog nooit eerder zo warm geweest en bereikte in oktober zelfs 31 graden. Ook op land was het bloedheet en door velen werd hier de laatste maanden veelvuldig over geklaagd. Niet alleen voor mensen is aanhoudende hitte zoals we dit jaar meemaakte een probleem. Ook andere dieren kunnen lijden door hoger dan normale temperaturen. Koralen zijn daar een goed voorbeeld van.

(Een niet gebleekt sterkoraal (midden) te midden van soortgenoten die wel gebleekt zijn – Oostpunt November 2023 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Microscopisch kleine algen die in het weefsel van rifbouwende koralen voorkomen voorzien hun gastheer (het koraal) normaliter via fotosynthese van voedsel, maar beginnen giftige stoffen te maken als het zeewater warmer wordt dan 29 graden. Koralen stoten deze algen dan uit in het omringende water. Omdat deze algen koralen hun typische groen/bruine kleur geven, lijken koralen te verbleken als de algen worden uitgestoten. Het koraalweefsel zelf is namelijk doorzichtig waardoor het onderliggende witte koraalskelet zichtbaar wordt. Daarom wordt dit fenomeen ‘koraalverbleking’ of ‘coral bleaching’ in het Engels genoemd.

(Veel van de koraalkolonies op deze foto hebben het bleaching event van 2010 niet overleefd – Westpunt December 2010 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Als het zeewater na een aantal weken genoeg afkoelt, keren de algen terug in het koraal en is alles weer net als vroeger. Echter, als het zeewater te lang warm blijft kunnen sommige koraalsoorten verhongeren omdat zij afhankelijk zijn van deze algen voor de aanlevering van voedsel. Als het water te lang warm blijft zoals dit jaar, beginnen veel koraal kolonies na een maand door verhongering af te sterven. Hoe warm het zeewater wordt en hoelang het boven de 29 graden blijft bepalen uiteindelijk hoeveel koralen door ‘verbleking’ zullen omkomen.

(Niet alleen koralen maar ook gorgonen en anemonen kunnen verbleken Oostpunt – November 2023 foto Mark JA Vermeij)

In 1998, 2005 en 2010 was het zeewater ook erg warm (hoewel niet zo warm als dit jaar). Op sommige plekken in het Caribisch gebied verbleekten in deze jaren 80 procent van alle koraal kolonies en trad lokaal tot 60 procent sterfte op. ‘coral bleaching’ wordt dus veelal gezien als één van de belangrijkste fenomenen dat wereldwijd bijdraagt aan de achteruitgang van koraalriffen. ‘Coral bleaching’ is echter niet iets wat men kan bestrijden omdat het een symptoom is van een achterliggend probleem namelijk de steeds warmer wordende zee veroorzaakt door de te hoge uitstoot van o.a. CO2.

Dit jaar is tussen augustus en november het zeewater rondom Curaçao voor het eerst 16 weken warmer geweest dan 29 graden en op sommige Caribische locaties (bijvoorbeeld de Florida Keys) is de sterfte onder koralen enorm. Enigszins tot de verbazing van koraal onderzoekers lijkt de schade op Curaçao vooralsnog mee te gaan vallen. Veel koralen zijn momenteel verbleekt, maar veel soorten zijn, ondanks de historisch lange periode van te hoge zeewater temperaturen, en in tegenstelling tot eerdere ‘bleaching events’ op het eiland grotendeels nog in leven. Omdat het zeewater momenteel (eind november) weer onder de 29 graden zakt, bestaat de hoop dat veel van de koralen die momenteel nog verbleekt zijn binnenkort hun algen weer op zullen nemen uit het omringende water en de eerder verwachte massale sterfte uit zal blijven. De reden daarvoor is momenteel niet bekend maar vermoed wordt dat sommige koralen zich mogelijk langzaam kunnen aanpassen aan het warmer wordende water of overschakelen naar andere voedselbronnen zoals plankton. Pas over een maand of langer zal duidelijk worden of de nu verbleekte koralen op Curaçao het uiteindelijk zullen halen of dat de opgelopen schade reeds dermate groot is dat veel kolonies alsnog zullen afsterven in de nabije toekomst.

(Tijdens de bleaching in 2010 was de mate van verbleking ernstiger dan dit jaar terwijl het toen minder warm was dan nu – Westpunt December 2010 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

De komende periode zal Carmabi via diverse kanalen aandacht besteden aan dit fenomeen. Het onderzoeksinstituut dat onder Carmabi valt blijft de situatie monitoren en blijft experimenteren met mogelijkheden om het koraalrif te kunnen herstellen, met eigen onderzoekers en gastonderzoekers.

Carmabi benadrukt de cruciale rol van dergelijk onderzoek in het begrijpen en behouden van de biodiversiteit van het koraalrif. Het monitoren van deze gebeurtenissen draagt bij aan het ontwikkelen van effectieve strategieën voor het behoud van dit kostbare ecosysteem. De stichting blijft zich inzetten voor de bescherming en duurzaam beheer van de biodiversiteit rondom Curaçao, met het oog op toekomstige uitdagingen en behoud van het unieke mariene leven in de region.

(Verbleekt sterkoraal de lichte niet witte kleur wijst waarschijnlijk op een lage hoeveelheid algen die nog in het koraalweefstel aanwezig zijn – Oostpunt November 2023 foto Mark J A Vermeij)

Voor meer informatie:

Zie bijvoorbeeld https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach voor een video waarin het proces van koraal verbleking (“coral bleaching’) wordt uitgelegd door wetenschappers van de California Academy of Sciences die dit fenomeen onder andere op Curaçao hebben onderzocht.

 

 

 

WILLEMSTAD – Caribbean Research & Management of Biodiversity (Carmabi) Foundation a konstatá ku e aña aki atrobe tin un ‘coral bleaching event’ na nos refnan ki koral. A konstatá e fenómeno aki mas o ménos 16 siman pasá I aktualmente el a pasa su kumbre.

Carmabi ta mónitòr i investigá e ref di koral rondó  di Kòrsou for di 1955 kaba. Awor ku e temperatura di e awa di laman ta bai baha atrobe, ta manera e koralnan rondó di Kòrsou a pasa e temporada aki, ku awa mas kayente ku normal, bon. E desaroyo positivo aki ta marka un kontraste remarkabel ku e añanan anterior den kua ‘coral bleaching’ tabata un asuntu preokupante na Kòrsou, i esaki ta konta tambe den komparashon ku otro ref den Área Karibense.

Pa motibu di El Niño i e kambio di klima kontinuo, nunka e awa di laman den Área Karibense no tabata mas kayente ku awor. Tambe na Kòrsou e último tres lunanan nunka anterior e awa di laman no tabata asina kayente i na òktober asta a alkansá 31 grado. Tambe na tera tabata masha kalor mes i hopi hende a keha frekuentemente tokante di esaki. No ta pa hende so e kalor kontinuo manera nos tabatin e aña aki ta un problema. Otro bestia tambe por sufri di temperatura mas haltu ku normal. Koral ta un bon ehèmpel di esaki.

(Un koral di strea ku no a blikia (mei mei) mei mei di sorto di su grupo ku si a blikia – Oostpunt novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermeij)

Alga (lima) masha chikí, ku ta ku mikroskop so por mira, ku ta biba den e tehido di koral ku ta konstruí ref, normalmente ta duna nan anfitrion (e koral) di kome via fotosintesis, pero ta kuminsá traha materia venenoso si e awa di laman bira mas kayente ku 29 grado. E ora ei e koralnan ta ekspulsá e lima aki den e awa rònt di nan. Pasobra ta e lima aki ta duna e koralnan nan koló típiko bèrdè/maron, ta manera e koralnan ta blikia ora ekspulsá e lima. Pasobra e tehido di e koral mes ta transparente i esaki ta pone ku e skelèt blanku bou di dje ta bira visibel. Pesei ta yama e fenómeno ‘blikiamentu di koral’ òf ‘coral bleaching’ na idioma ingles.

(Hopi di e kolonianan di koral riba e potrèt aki no a sobreviví e evento di blikiamentu di aña 2010 – Westpunt desèmber 2010 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

Ora e awa di laman despues di algun siman fria sufisientemente, e limanan ta bolbe bèk den e koral i tur kos ta bira meskos ku ántes. Pero, si e awa di laman keda kayente muchu largu, algun tipo di koral despues di un luna ta kuminsá muri di hamber. Kon kayente e awa di laman ta bira i kon largu e ta keda pasa 29 grado lo determiná finalmente kuantu koral lo muri pa motibu di ‘blikiamentu’.

(No solamente koral sino tambe gorgon i anemon por blikia Oostpunt -novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermeij)

Na 1998, 2005 i 2010 tambe e awa di laman tabata masha kayente (pero no kayente manera e aña aki). Na algun sitio den área karibense den e añanan aki 80 porshento di tur kolonia di koral a blikia i lokalmente 60 porshento tabata muri. Pues hopi bia ta mira ‘coral bleaching’ komo un di e fenómenonan ku mundialmente ta kontribuí na e echo ku ref di koral ta bai atras. Pero ‘coral bleaching’ no ta algu ku por kombatí pasobra e ta un síntoma di un otro problema esta e laman ku ta bira mas i mas kayente pa motibu di e emishon muchu haltu di entre otro CO2.

E aña aki entre ougùstùs i novèmber e awa di laman rondó di Kòrsou pa promé bia 16 siman largu tabata mas kayente ku 29 grado i na sierto sitio karibense (manera por ehèmpel Florida Keys) e kantidat di koral ku a muri tabata enorme. Un tiko komo sorpresa di e investigadónan di koral e daño na Kòrsou por lo pronto parse no ta asina grave. Hopi koral aktualmente a blikia, pero hopi sorto, no opstante e temporada histórikamente largu di temperatura muchu haltu di awa di laman, i kontrali na evento di blikiamentu anterior, pa un gran parti ta na bida ainda. Pasobra e awa di laman aktualmente (fin di novèmber) atrobe lo baha bou di 29 grado, tin e speransa ku e koralnan ku aktualmente ainda ta blikiá pronto lo tuma nan lima atrobe for di e laman rònt di nan i ku e mortalidat masal ku a ferwagt anteriormente lo no sosodé. E motibu pa esaki aktualmente no ta konosí pero ta suponé ku sierto koral posiblemente por adaptá poko poko na e awa ku ta birando mas kayente òf ku nan ta pasa pa otro fuente di kuminda manera plánktòn. Te aki un luna numa òf mas tempu lo sali na kla si e koralnan na Kòrsou na final lo sobreviví òf ku e daño ku a sufrí ya ta asina grandi kaba ku hopi kolonia aun lo muri den futuro serkano.

(Durante di e bleaching na 2010 e grado di blikiamentu tabata mas serio ku e aña aki, miéntras e tempu ei tabata ménos kalor ku awor – Westpunt desèmber 2010 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

E temporada binidero Carmabi via diferente kanal lo duna atenshon na e fenómeno aki. E instituto di investigashon ku ta kai bou di Carmabi ta keda mónitòr e situashon i ta keda eksperimentá ku posibilidat pa por drecha e ref di koral, ku propio investigadó i investigadó wéspet.

Carmabi ta enfatisá e papel krusial di un investigashon asina di komprenshon i mantenshon di e biodiversidat di e ref di koral. Mónitòr e eventonan aki ta kontribuí na e desaroyo di strategia efektivo pa mantenshon di e ekosistema balioso aki. E fundashon ta keda empeñá pa e protekshon i maneho duradero di e biodiversidat rondó di Kòrsou ku bista riba futuro reto i mantenshon di e bida marino úniko den e region.

(Koral di strea ku a blikia e koló kla no blanku probablemente ta indiká un kantidat abou di lima ku ainda ta presente den e tehido di koral – Oostpunt novèmber 2023 potrèt Mark J A Vermej)

Pa mas informashon:

Mira por ehèmpel https://www.calacademy.org/educators/why-do-corals-bleach

pa un vidio den kua sientífiko di California Academy of Sciences ku entre otro a investigá e fenómeno na Kòrsou, ta splika e proseso di blikiamentu di koral (“coral bleaching”).

 

 

 

Published in BioNews 70

 

Date
2023
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Curacao
Author

Coral bleaching frequency and recovery during the 2015 El Niño- Southern Oscillation event in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are known to bring high sea surface temperatures and in turn cause coral bleaching. The Fall 2015 ENSO event has had record breaking temperatures and has been severely detrimental to Pacific coral reef ecosystems. To gauge the effect this ENSO event would have on the Caribbean, this study looked at the frequency and severity of bleaching and paling, during this ENSO event. The bleaching was measured along a 2 m wide by 10 m long transect. Coral colonies along the transect were observed once a week for four weeks and the water temperature was recorded hourly. At the end of data collection, the overall number of corals experiencing bleaching was recorded and the percent difference in paling and bleaching from week to week was measured. At the end of the four weeks it was found that 60 out of 192 coral colonies were experiencing some form of bleaching. By the fourth week there was no significant increase in bleaching, and paling had significantly increased until week four. This trend followed the decrease of water temperature from week one to week three with signs of coral recovery, but there was also evidence of water temperature starting to increase again by week four.. This study shows the resilience of Bonairean reefs and that this ENSO event may have a lesser affect on the Caribbean coral reefs compared to the Pacific.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XVIII (Fall 2015)19: 47-52 from CIEE Bonaire.

Date
2015
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Bonaire
Author

Disease Surveys in Curacao - 2005

In 2004, as part of a GEF funded project entitled “Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building” (CRTR), to assess the current status and future of these important communities, six groups of researchers looked at different aspects of the dynamics and degradation of coral reefs worldwide (i.e. Coral diseases, bleaching, connectivity, remote sensing. One of these groups, the Coral Disease Working Group (CDWG), assessed the number, prevalence, distribution, impacts and host range of coral diseases and their spatial and temporal variability in the wider Caribbean.

Curacao was selected as one of six localities spread over the Caribbean, and one of two southern localities. Results presented here represent our preliminary approach and surveys in Curacao. Surveys were done in permanently marked transects using the CARICOMP sampling protocol. Overall, coral diseases in these sites had, on average, a relatively low prevalence (5.74 ± 3.7%) at the community level (all colonies from all species included). Curacao was the second country with higher disease prevalence of the 6 countries visited across the Caribbean during the Summer-Fall of 2005, the weight of this prevalence coming from one of the two sites surveyed on the island. The most common diseases observed were dark spots syndrome (DSS), white plague type II (WP-II) and secondary infections by ciliates. Noteworthy was the lack of bleaching in these two reef localities and in general, in the Netherland Antilles when most of the eastern, northern and western were suffering the worst bleaching event on record for the Caribbean. Bleached colonies were only mild paling patterns and the overall prevalence was below 1.0 %. Octocoral diseases were almost two times more prevalent (9.6 ± 16.9%) than coral diseases in Curacao.

Date
2005
Data type
Other resources
Theme
Research and monitoring
Geographic location
Curacao

Coral reef crisis in deep and shallow reefs: 30 years of constancy and change in reefs of Curacao and Bonaire

Coral reefs are thought to be in worldwide decline but available data are practically limited to reefs shallower than 25 m. Zooxanthellate coral communities in deep reefs (30–40 m) are relatively unstudied. Our question is: what is happening in deep reefs in terms of coral cover and coral mortality? We compare changes in species composition, coral mortality, and coral cover at Caribbean (Curacao and Bonaire) deep (30–40 m) and shallow reefs (10–20 m) using long-term (1973–2002) data from permanent photo quadrats. About 20 zoo- xanthellate coral species are common in the deep-reef communities, dominated by Agaricia sp., with coral cover up to 60%. In contrast with shallow reefs, there is no decrease in coral cover or number of coral colonies in deep reefs over the last 30 years. In deep reefs, non- agaricid species are decreasing but agaricid domination will be interrupted by natural catastrophic mortality such as deep coral bleaching and storms. Temperature is a vastly fluctuating variable in the deep-reef environ- ment with extremely low temperatures possibly related to deep-reef bleaching. 

Date
2005
Data type
Scientific article
Theme
Research and monitoring
Journal
Geographic location
Bonaire
Curacao