Sikowitz, N.

The island of Bonaire has significant contamination from anthropogenic sources such as sewage and landfills, which can cause excess nutrients in groundwater that will eventually enter the ocean. Nutrients have been suggested to increase macroalgal growth. The amount of nutrients and abundance of herbivores play a key role in maintaining a healthy coral dominated reef system. The major objective of this study was to determine the health of Bonaire's reefs by assessing various bioindicators, evaluating bioacummulation of macroalgae, assessing the biocontrol mechanisms, and determining the presence of phase shifts. This study looked at the relationship of herbivorous fish, nitrogen content and abundance of macroalgae to make inferences regarding the overall health of the reef. Two study sites, Kas di Arte and Something Special, were chosen for research over the course of four weeks. Data collection included abundance of herbivorous fish, substrate composition and nutrient level in water and algae samples. No inferences could be determined from the nutrient tests due to the varying concentrations found in both water and macroalgae. The herbivorous fish abundance and macroalgae were found to be inversely proportional. This study is important to determine whether herbivorous fish or nutrient input control phase shifts on Bonaire's reefs and can aid in identifying similar issues in reefs all over the Caribbean.

This student research was retrieved from Physis: Journal of Marine Science XV (Spring 2014)19: 58-65 from CIEE Bonaire.

Abstract

The effect of recreational SCUBA diving on coral reefs is likely secondary to many of the commonly cited stressors that threaten the long-term survival of coral reefs, such as rising temperatures. However, recreational SCUBA diving has had documented effects on various benthic organisms. Most research on the effect of SCUBA divers has focused on broken and abraded benthic organisms or the rate at which divers contact the benthos. We tested for differences in the structural complexity and benthic assemblage between pairs of heavily and lightly trafficked dive sites in Bonaire, a popular Carribbean diving destination. There was roughly 10 % less structural complexity in areas of heavy traffic. This is alarming given that the structural complexity of shallow reefs in Bonaire is substantially lower than in the 1970s. Different functional groups of benthic organisms were affected differentially by diving traffic. For instance, massive corals such as Orbicella annularis were 31 % less abundant at heavy than light diver traffic areas, while gorgonians and sponges had similar abundances at heavy and light diver traffic areas. Our results match those of previous studies on the resistance and resilience of tropical benthic reef organisms to physical disturbances that suggest that stony corals are more prone to physical damage than gorgonians and sponges. We provide a number of possible management strategies that could reduce the effects of recreational SCUBA divers on Bonaire and elsewhere, including education/intervention by dive guides and concentration of diving traffic away from areas of stony coral abundance.